Nephrology & Urology – Lecturio Medical Online Library

Urologic Cancer — Surgical Treatment

The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, prostate, and testes; however, the collective term urologic cancers usually refer to the carcinoma of ... read more

Tubulointerstitial Disease — Phases and Algorithm of Acute Kidney Injury

These are kidney diseases that involve structures outside the glomerulus. The causative agents incite a hypersensitivity reaction that leads to an inflammatory infiltrate s... read more

Renal Diagnostics — Renal Corpuscle, Changes in Glomerular Dynamics, and the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

[toc] Introduction to Renal Diagnostics The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that weigh about 150 grams each and are the size of a man’s clenched fist. Each kidn... read more

Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis) — Treatment and Complications

Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome is a renal disorder of children, characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. The most common type ... read more

Acute Pediatric Rhabdomyolysis — Treatment and Prevention

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious condition due to muscles injury with subsequent releasing of their contents into the blood. It can lead to serious complications, such as electr... read more

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in Children — Causes and Treatment

Hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) consists of a triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal insufficiency (failure), with severity ranging f... read more

Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis) — Symptoms and Therapy

It is common to detect proteinuria during routine urinalysis in children. Although transient proteinuria and orthostatic proteinuria are common and benign conditions, it is... read more

Glomerulonephritis in Children — Signs and Symptoms

Glomerulonephritis (GN) represents a range of disorders of the glomeruli that are immune-mediated. A common histopathological finding is the presence of immune complexes tr... read more

Blood in the Urine (Hematuria) in Children — Symptoms and Treatment

Hematuria is a common clinical presentation of different conditions in children. Etiology of microscopic and gross hematuria is different. Detailed history, physical examin... read more

Testicle Pain in Young Boys — Symptoms and Treatment

In this article, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of painful testicles in children are described. Acute scrotu... read more

Pediatric Polycystic Kidney Disease — Ultrasound and Infant Survival Rate

Autosomal dominant pattern occurs in adults and is the fourth common cause of renal failure in the world. It mainly affects the kidneys, heart, brain, reproductive organs, ... read more

Hypokalemia — Complications and Side Effects

Hypokalemia is defined as plasma potassium less than 3.5mEq/L. Only 1 % of the general population suffers from this disorder with the prevalence rising to 25 % among hospit... read more