Nephrology / Urology

Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the most common disorder of the sexual differentiation, seen in 2—4 % of the male infants at birth. The exact cause of the cryptorch... June 16, 2017 Lecturio read more

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) type 4, also called hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis, is characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and decreased uri... June 15, 2017 Lecturio read more

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) type 2, also called proximal renal tubular acidosis, is characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis due to impaired reabsorption of bica... June 15, 2017 Lecturio read more

Renal tubular acidosis type 1, also called distal renal tubular acidosis, is characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia... June 15, 2017 Lecturio read more

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from urinary bladder to the ureter and the kidney. It can be asymptomatic and resolve itself or be associated wi... June 9, 2017 Lecturio read more

Human papillomavirus infection is common in adolescents and can present with genital warts, precancerous lesions or cervical cancer many decades after acquiring the infecti... May 22, 2017 Lecturio read more

The acute scrotum is an emergency condition that is characterized by scrotal pain, swelling, and redness which are of acute onset. The most important diagnosis to exclude i... May 19, 2017 Lecturio read more

Diabetic glomerulopathy is the leading cause of chronic renal failure in adults. Long-standing type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with this microvascular comp... March 20, 2017 Lecturio read more

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of immune mediated glomerular disease. The name is an indication of its pathology, with thickening of the basement... February 14, 2017 Lecturio read more

Testicular tumors are common and potentially annihilating to the male population. With a brief prologue to testicular tumors; this article focuses on the significant, relev... December 21, 2016 Lecturio read more

Erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection that would result in the inability to perform vaginal sexual intercourse. Systemic... November 30, 2016 Lecturio read more

Varicoceles are defined as abnormal dilations of the spermatic vein or the pampiniform plexus and are more common on the left side. Careful physical examination of the cont... November 25, 2016 Lecturio read more