Colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy polyps are growths of mucosal tissue in the colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy, the most common site of polyps in the GI tract. Polyps can be classified as neoplastic or nonneoplastic and may be associated with genetic syndromes. Hyperplastic polyps are nonneoplastic and are the most common type overall, whereas adenomas are the most common type of neoplastic polyp and have the potential to progress to cancer. For most people without hereditary syndromes, colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy cancer screening Screening Preoperative Care should begin at age 45 and in adolescence for those with the rare familial adenomatous polyposis Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant inherited genetic disorder that presents with numerous adenomatous polyps in the colon. Familial adenomatous polyposis is the most common of the polyposis syndromes, which is a group of inherited or acquired conditions characterized by the growth of polyps in the GI tract, associated with other extracolonic features. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis ( FAP FAP Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant inherited genetic disorder that presents with numerous adenomatous polyps in the colon. Familial adenomatous polyposis is the most common of the polyposis syndromes, which is a group of inherited or acquired conditions characterized by the growth of polyps in the GI tract, associated with other extracolonic features. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis) syndrome. Diagnosis is by biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma, and management includes frequent surveillance Surveillance Developmental Milestones and Normal Growth in people with adenomatous polyps Adenomatous polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. Colorectal Cancer or screening Screening Preoperative Care every 10 years in the general population until age 75.
Last updated: 10 Feb, 2022
Each syndrome occurs in < 1% of the population and accounts for 5%–10% of CRCs.
Colorectal polyp Colorectal polyp Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the colon. These polyps are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. Colorectal Cancer Screening types, approximate relative incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency (I), and malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax risk (M) (2019)
Image: “Pie chart of colorectal polyp Colorectal polyp Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the colon. These polyps are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. Colorectal Cancer Screening etiologies” by Mikael Häggström. License: CC0 1.0Adenoma–carcinoma sequence from normal
colon
Colon
The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal.
Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy to carcinoma:
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that arises from genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, with influence from environmental factors.
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) formation begins with
APC
APC
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the apc genes on chromosome 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum of affected individuals by early adulthood.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
gene
Gene
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Basic Terms of Genetics
mutation
Mutation
Genetic mutations are errors in DNA that can cause protein misfolding and dysfunction. There are various types of mutations, including chromosomal, point, frameshift, and expansion mutations.
Types of Mutations (inherited or acquired) and
methylation
Methylation
Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. .
Glucocorticoids abnormalities. Other changes can include KRAS
gene
Gene
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Basic Terms of Genetics
mutation
Mutation
Genetic mutations are errors in DNA that can cause protein misfolding and dysfunction. There are various types of mutations, including chromosomal, point, frameshift, and expansion mutations.
Types of Mutations. Late in the process, p53 deletion, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 18q21 (involving SMAD2 and SMAD4), with overexpression of COX-2 can contribute to further growth and progression to cancer. The accumulation of mutations, rather than the timing of occurrence, is most crucial in
carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.
Carcinogenesis.
Most colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy polyps are asymptomatic and discovered on routine colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy cancer screening Screening Preoperative Care.
The definitive diagnosis and treatment of colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy polyps are achieved by endoscopic removal of the entire polyp.
Hyperplastic polyp of the rectum Rectum The rectum and anal canal are the most terminal parts of the lower GI tract/large intestine that form a functional unit and control defecation. Fecal continence is maintained by several important anatomic structures including rectal folds, anal valves, the sling-like puborectalis muscle, and internal and external anal sphincters. Rectum and Anal Canal: Anatomy
Image: “Hyperplastic Polyp of the Rectum Rectum The rectum and anal canal are the most terminal parts of the lower GI tract/large intestine that form a functional unit and control defecation. Fecal continence is maintained by several important anatomic structures including rectal folds, anal valves, the sling-like puborectalis muscle, and internal and external anal sphincters. Rectum and Anal Canal: Anatomy (14060044206)” by Ed Uthman. License: CC BY 2.0Colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy polyp on a stalk (pedunculated)
Image: “Polyp” by Stephen Holland. License: 2.5Multiple polyps in colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy, ranging from 0.5 to 1 cm in diameter
Image: “Multiple polyps in colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy” by Agrawal N, Santra T, Kar A, Guha P, Bar M, Adhikary A, Datta S. License: CC BY 3.0Biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma from the sigmoid Sigmoid A segment of the colon between the rectum and the descending colon. Volvulus polyp revealing adenomatous polyp with no evidence of malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax
Image: “ Biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma from sigmoid Sigmoid A segment of the colon between the rectum and the descending colon. Volvulus polyp revealing adenomatous polyp without any evidence of malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax” by Agrawal N, Santra T, Kar A, Guha P, Bar M, Adhikary A, Datta S. License: CC BY 3.0Histology of juvenile polyp showing characteristic cystically dilated glands:
Even at low
power
Power
The probability that a test will correctly reject a false null hypothesis.
Statistical Tests and Data Representation, the
benign
Benign
Fibroadenoma and non-neoplastic nature is supported by seeing only 1 layer of epithelial cells on the surface and lining the glandular spaces.
A 2.5-cm adenomatous polyp was serendipitously found in a right colectomy specimen.
Image: “Adenomatous Polyp of the Colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy 1” by Ed Uthman. License: Public DomainTubulovillous polyp
Image: “Tubulovillous Polyp of the Colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy 2” by Ed Uthman. License: Public DomainSessile colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy polyp seen on colonoscopy Colonoscopy Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. Colorectal Cancer Screening
Image: “Endomucosal resection 1” by Stephen Holland. License: 2.5Follow-up guidelines after colonoscopy Colonoscopy Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. Colorectal Cancer Screening and polypectomy (based on 2020 Consensus Update by the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer Colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that arises from genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, with influence from environmental factors. Colorectal Cancer):
Segment of resected colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy in the unfixed state containing an invasive colorectal carcinoma and 2 adenomatous polyps Adenomatous polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. Colorectal Cancer
Image: “ Colon Colon The large intestines constitute the last portion of the digestive system. The large intestine consists of the cecum, appendix, colon (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments), rectum, and anal canal. The primary function of the colon is to remove water and compact the stool prior to expulsion from the body via the rectum and anal canal. Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy cancer” by Emmanuelm. License: CC BY 3.0