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Menu
Medical
Lecturio Medical
Specialties
Medical Students
Pre-Medical Students
Physician Associate Students
Other Healthcare Students
Practicing Physicians
Other Healthcare Providers
Medical Exams
USMLE®
USMLE® Step 1
USMLE® Step 2 CK
NBME® Subject Exams
COMLEX
COMLEX Level 1
COMLEX Level 2
ENARM
More Exams
AMC CAT
FMGE
IFOM
MCAT
MCCQE Part 1
MIR
NEET-UG
NEET-PG
PANCE
PLAB
PLE
PNA
UKMPPD
Learning Content
Medical Courses
Pre-Medical
Basic Science by Subject
Basic Science by System
Clinical Science
Sample Questions
Concept Pages
Nursing
Lecturio Nursing
Specialties
Registered Nurse (RN) Students
Nurse Practitioner (NP) Students
Other Nursing Students
Learning Content
Nursing Courses
Care of the Childbearing Family
Dosage Calculation
Fundamentals of Nursing: Theory
Fundamentals of Nursing: Clinical Skills
Gerontology
Leadership
Med-Surg
Mental Health
Nursing Prerequisites
Pediatric Nursing
Pharmacology
Pharmacology NCLEX Review
Physical Assessment for Nursing
Physiology
Study Skills
Cheat Sheets
Faculty
Medical Faculty
Nursing Faculty
Faculty Features
Development Initiative (MEDI)
Resources
Faculty Resources
Learning Hub
Faculty Events
Faculty Blog
Student Resources
Student Events
Medical Events
Nursing Events
Student Blog
Medical Blog
Nursing Blog
Efficacy & Reviews
Learning Success
Student Success Stories
YouTube Reviews
COVID-19
Overview
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COVID-19 Concept Card
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COVID-19 Video Course
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The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
Concise knowledge for medical students and healthcare professionals
Anatomy
Adrenal Glands: Anatomy
Ankle Joint: Anatomy
Anterior Abdominal Wall: Anatomy
Arm: Anatomy
Auditory and Vestibular Pathways: Anatomy
Autonomic Nervous System: Anatomy
Axilla and Brachial Plexus: Anatomy
Basal Ganglia: Anatomy
Brain Stem: Anatomy
Breasts: Anatomy
Bronchial Tree: Anatomy
Carotid Arterial System: Anatomy
Cerebellum: Anatomy
Cerebral Cortex: Anatomy
Cerebrovascular System: Anatomy
Chest Wall: Anatomy
Colon, Cecum, and Appendix: Anatomy
Cubital Fossa: Anatomy
Diaphragm: Anatomy
Ear: Anatomy
Elbow Joint: Anatomy
Esophagus: Anatomy
Eye: Anatomy
Facial Muscles: Anatomy
Femoral Region and Hernias: Anatomy
Foot: Anatomy
Forearm: Anatomy
Gallbladder and Biliary Tract: Anatomy
Gluteal Region: Anatomy
Hand: Anatomy
Heart: Anatomy
Hip Joint: Anatomy
Inguinal Canal: Anatomy and Hernias
Jaw and Temporomandibular Joint: Anatomy
Kidneys: Anatomy
Knee Joint: Anatomy
Larynx: Anatomy
Leg: Anatomy
Limbic System: Anatomy
Lips and Tongue: Anatomy
Liver: Anatomy
Lungs: Anatomy
Lymphatic Drainage System: Anatomy
Mediastinum and Great Vessels: Anatomy
Meninges: Anatomy
Muscles of the Back: Anatomy
Muscles of the Neck: Anatomy
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification
Nose and Nasal Cavity: Anatomy
Olfaction: Anatomy
Orbit and Extraocular Muscles: Anatomy
Ovaries: Anatomy
Palate: Anatomy
Pancreas: Anatomy
Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy
Parathyroid Glands: Anatomy
Pelvis: Anatomy
Penis: Anatomy
Peritoneum: Anatomy
Pharynx: Anatomy
Pituitary Gland: Anatomy
Pleura: Anatomy
Popliteal Fossa: Anatomy
Posterior Abdominal Wall: Anatomy
Prostate, Seminal, and Bulbourethral Glands: Anatomy
Rectum and Anal Canal: Anatomy
Salivary Glands: Anatomy
Shoulder Joint: Anatomy
Skull: Anatomy
Small Intestine: Anatomy
Spinal Cord: Anatomy
Spleen: Anatomy
Stomach: Anatomy
Teeth: Anatomy
Testicles: Anatomy
Thalamus: Anatomy
The 12 Cranial Nerves: Overview and Functions
Thigh: Anatomy
Thyroid Gland: Anatomy
Trachea: Anatomy
Triangles of the Neck: Anatomy
Urinary Tract: Anatomy
Uterus, Cervix, and Fallopian Tubes: Anatomy
Vagina, Vulva, and Pelvic Floor: Anatomy
Ventricular System: Anatomy
Vertebral Column: Anatomy
Wrist Joint: Anatomy
Behavioral Health/Psychiatry​
Acute Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorder
Agoraphobia
Alcohol Use Disorder
Amphetamine Use Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Binge Eating Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Bulimia Nervosa
Cannabis Use Disorder
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorder
Cluster A Personality Disorders
Cluster B Personality Disorders
Cluster C Personality Disorders
Cocaine Use Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Defense Mechanisms
Delusional Disorder
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Factitious Disorders
Female Sexual Dysfunction
Gambling Disorder
Gender Dysphoria
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Hallucinogen Use Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Inhalant Use Disorder
Insomnia
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Kleptomania and Pyromania
Major Depressive Disorder
Male Sexual Dysfunction
Malingering
Narcolepsy
Nicotine Use Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Opioid Use Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Panic Disorder
Paraphilic Disorders
Parasomnias
Physiology of Sleep
Pica
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Psychiatric Assessment
Psychotherapy
Restless Legs Syndrome
Rumination Disorder
Schizoaffective Disorder
Schizophrenia
Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics Use Disorder
Sexual Physiology
Social Anxiety Disorder
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Specific Phobias
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Suicide
Tics and Tourette Syndrome
Trichotillomania
Biochemistry​
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency
Basics of Amino Acids
Basics of Carbohydrates
Basics of Enzymes
Catabolism of Amino Acids
Cell Cycle
Cholesterol Metabolism
Citric Acid Cycle
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
Disorders of Fatty Acid Metabolism
Disorders of Fructose Metabolism
DNA Repair Mechanisms
DNA Replication
DNA Types and Structure
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Energy Homeostasis
Enzyme Inhibition
Enzyme Kinetics
Epigenetic Regulation
Ethanol Metabolism
Fabry Disease
Fat-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies
Fatty Acid Metabolism
Fatty Acids and Lipids
Folate and Vitamin B12
Galactosemia
Gaucher Disease
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen Metabolism
Glycogen Storage Disorders
Glycolysis
Glyoxylate Cycle
Heme Metabolism
I-cell Disease
Ketone Body Metabolism
Krabbe Disease
Lipid Disorders
Lipid Metabolism
Meiosis
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Mitochondrial Myopathies
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Niemann-Pick Disease
Nucleic Acids
Orotic Aciduria
Overview of Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Overview of Protein Functions
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Porphyrias
Post-transcriptional Modifications (RNA Processing)
Post-translational Protein Processing
Proteins and Peptides
Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
Purine Salvage Deficiencies
Receptors
Regulation of Transcription
RNA Types and Structure
Second Messengers
Stages and Regulation of Translation
Stages of Transcription
Synthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids
Tay-Sachs Disease
Trace Elements
Urea Cycle
Urea Cycle Disorders
Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies
Embryology
Branchial Apparatus and Aortic Arches
Development of the Abdominal Organs
Development of the Heart
Development of the Limbs
Development of the Nervous System and Face
Development of the Respiratory System
Development of the Urogenital System
Embryoblast and Trophoblast Development
Fertilization and First Week
Gametogenesis
Gastrulation and Neurulation
Prenatal and Postnatal Physiology of the Neonate
Teratogenic Birth Defects
Emergency Medicine
ABCDE Assessment
ACES and RUSH: Resuscitation Ultrasound Protocols
Acetaminophen Overdose
Acute Limb Ischemia
Airway Management
Airway Obstruction
Altitude Sickness
Antidotes of Common Poisonings
Blunt Abdominal Injury
Blunt Chest Trauma
Burns
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Cardiac Arrest
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Caustic Ingestion (Cleaning Products)
Chest Pain
Compartment Syndrome
Crush Syndrome
Cyanide Poisoning
Decompression Sickness
Dog and Cat Bites
Drowning
Esophageal Perforation
Flail Chest
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST)
Foreign Body Aspiration
Frostbite
General Principles of Toxidromes
Genitourinary Trauma
Head Trauma
Heatstroke
Hemothorax
Herbicide Poisoning
Hyperglycemic Crises
Hypoglycemia
Hypothermia
Insect and Scorpion Stings
Insecticide Poisoning
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Malignant Hyperthermia
Mediastinitis
Mesenteric Ischemia
Metal Poisoning (Lead, Arsenic, Iron)
Multitrauma
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Neutropenic Fever
Noninvasive Ventilation
Penetrating Abdominal Injury
Penetrating Chest Injury
Perforated Viscus
Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary Edema
Respiratory Failure
Rhabdomyolysis
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Serotonin Syndrome
Snakebites
Spider Bites
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxicology of Plants
Types of Shock
Ethics
Advance Directives
Clinician–Patient Relationship
Conflict of Interest
Decision-making Capacity and Legal Competence
Delivery of Bad News
Disclosure of Information
End-of-life Issues
Informed Consent
Malpractice
Medical Ethics: Basic Principles
Patient-Doctor Confidentiality
Reproductive Ethical Issues
Research Ethics
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Basics of Probability
Causality, Validity, and Reliability
Epidemiological Studies
Epidemiological Values of Diagnostic Tests
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Measures of Disease Frequency
Measures of Health Status
Measures of Risk
Number Needed to Treat
Points of Intervention
Population Pyramids
Statistical Power
Statistical Tests and Data Representation
Types of Biases
Types of Variables
Family Medicine
Acute Shoulder Pain
Adult Health Maintenance
Ankle and Foot Pain
Back Pain
Breast Cancer Screening
Cervical Cancer Screening
Child and Adolescent Care
Chronic Shoulder Pain
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Dyspnea
Generalized and Localized Rashes
Geriatric Care and Screening
Geriatric Changes
Hand and Wrist Pain
Infant Care
Knee Pain
Lung Cancer Screening
Neck Pain
Obesity
Pain Management
Prenatal Care
Prostate Cancer Screening
Wheezing
Histology
Adipose Tissue: Histology
Arteries: Histology
Bone Marrow: Composition and Hematopoiesis
Bones: Development and Ossification
Bones: Remodeling and Healing
Bones: Structure and Types
Capillaries: Histology
Cartilage: Histology
Cell Types: Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic
Connective Tissue: Histology
Erythrocytes: Histology
Glandular Epithelium: Histology
Lymphocytes: Histology
Muscle Tissue: Histology
Nervous System: Histology
Platelets: Histology
Primary Lymphatic Organs
Secondary Lymphatic Organs
Skin: Structure and Functions
Surface Epithelium: Histology
The Cell: Cell Junctions
The Cell: Cell Membrane
The Cell: Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
The Cell: Organelles
Veins: Histology
White Myeloid Cells: Histology
Immunology​
Adaptive Cell-mediated Immunity
Adaptive Immune Response
AIDS-defining Conditions
Autoimmunity
Autosomal Dominant Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome
B cells: Types and Functions
Blood Group Systems
Blotting Techniques
C3 Deficiency
Cancer Immunotherapy
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Chromosome Testing
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
DiGeorge Syndrome
Hereditary Angioedema (C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency)
HIV Infection and AIDS
Humoral Adaptive Immunity
Hyper-IgM Syndrome
IL-12 Receptor Deficiency
Immunoassays
Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions
Innate Immunity: Barriers, Complement, and Cytokines
Innate Immunity: Phagocytes and Antigen Presentation
IPEX Syndrome
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type 1
Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
Organ Transplantation
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Selective IgA Deficiency
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Severe Congenital Neutropenia
T cells: Types and Functions
Terminal Complement Pathway Deficiency
Transfusion Products
Transfusion Reactions
Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction
Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction
Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction
Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction
Vaccination
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
Internal Medicine
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Achalasia
Acne Vulgaris
Acoustic Neuroma
Acromegaly and Gigantism
Actinic Keratosis
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Cholangitis
Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute Otitis Media
Acute Pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison’s Disease
Albinism
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Alopecia
Alport Syndrome
Alzheimer Disease
Amyloidosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Anal Cancer
Anal Fissure
Anal Fistula
Anemia: Overview and Types
Angioedema
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Anomalies of the Cornea
Anterior Cord Syndrome
Anthrax
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Aortic Dissection
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic Stenosis
Aplastic Anemia
Appendicitis
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Ascites
Asplenia
Asthma
Astrocytoma
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Atelectasis
Atherosclerosis
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Flutter
Atrioventricular block (AV block)
Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Barrett’s Esophagus
Bartter Syndrome
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Benign Bone Tumors
Benign Liver Tumors
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Benign Vulvar Conditions
Blepharitis
Botulism
Bowen Disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Bowenoid Papulosis
Brachial Plexus Injuries
Bradyarrhythmias
Brain Abscess
Brain Aneurysms
Brain Death
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Brown-Séquard Syndrome
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Bullous Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris
Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks
Carcinogenesis
Carcinoid Tumors and Syndrome
Cardiac Myxoma
Cardiomyopathy: Overview and Types
Carotid Artery Stenosis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Cataracts in Adults
Celiac Disease
Cell Injury and Death
Cellular Accumulations
Cellular Adaptation
Cellulitis
Central Cord Syndrome
Cerebellar Disorders
Chalazion
Chancroid
Chlamydial Infections
Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
Chondrosarcoma
Chorioretinitis
Chronic Diabetic Complications
Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia
Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Pancreatitis
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Cirrhosis
Clavicle Fracture
Cluster Headaches
Colon Polyps
Colorectal Cancer
Coma
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)
Congestive Heart Failure
Conjunctivitis
Constipation
Cor Pulmonale
Corneal Abrasions, Erosion, and Ulcers
Coronary Heart Disease
Cowden Syndrome
Cranial Nerve Palsies
Craniopharyngioma
Crohn’s Disease
Croup
Cryptorchidism
Cushing Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Dacryocystitis
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Delirium
Dermatomyositis
Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Mellitus
Diarrhea
Diarrheagenic E. coli
Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Diphtheria
Diseases of the Salivary Glands
Diseases of the Uvea
Diseases of the Vitreous Body
Dissection of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Distal Radius Fractures
Diverticular Disease
Donovanosis
Drug-induced Liver Injury
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Dysphagia
Dystonia
Edema
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Eicosanoids
Elbow Dislocation
Encephalitis
Endocarditis
Endophthalmitis
Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever)
Ependymoma
Epididymitis and Orchitis
Epidural Hemorrhage
Epiglottitis
Epilepsy
Erectile Dysfunction
Erysipelas
Erythema Multiforme
Erythema Nodosum
Esophageal Cancer
Esophagitis
Essential Thrombocythemia
Ewing Sarcoma
Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer
Extremity and Visceral Aneurysms
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Familial Juvenile Polyposis
Fever
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Fibromyalgia
Gas Gangrene
Gastric Cancer
Gastrinoma
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Genu Valgum
Genu Varum
Giant Cell Arteritis
Gitelman Syndrome
Glaucoma
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glucagonoma
Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
Goiter
Gonorrhea
Goodpasture Syndrome
Gout
Grading, Staging, and Metastasis
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Graves’ Disease
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Gynecomastia
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hearing Loss
Hemangioblastoma
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
Hemophilia
Hemoptysis
Hemorrhoids
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Liver Metastases
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
High-Risk Headaches
Hip Fractures
Hirschsprung Disease
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hordeolum (Stye)
Horner Syndrome
Huntington Disease
Hydronephrosis
Hyperaldosteronism
Hypercalcemia
Hypercoagulable States
Hyperkalemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperprolactinemia
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Hypertension