The pentose phosphate Phosphate Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. Electrolytes pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt)) is an important physiological process that can occur in 2 phases: oxidative and nonoxidative. The oxidative phase utilizes glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. Gluconeogenesis to produce nicotinamide adenine Adenine A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. Nucleic Acids dinucleotide phosphate Phosphate Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. Electrolytes (NADPH) and ribulose-5-phosphate (which can be converted to ribose-5-phosphate). The nonoxidative phase is a collection of several reversible reactions in which the intermediates are connected to several other pathways, including nucleotide synthesis Synthesis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), aromatic amino acid Amino acid Amino acids (AAs) are composed of a central carbon atom attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group). Basics of Amino Acids synthesis Synthesis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose and plays a vital role in generating free energy for the cell and metabolites for further oxidative degradation. Glucose primarily becomes available in the blood as a result of glycogen breakdown or from its synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (gluconeogenesis) and is imported into cells by specific transport proteins. Glycolysis.
Last updated: 13 Dec, 2021
The pentose phosphate Phosphate Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. Electrolytes pathway generates nicotinamide adenine Adenine A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. Nucleic Acids dinucleotide phosphate Phosphate Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. Electrolytes (NADPH) and ribose-5-phosphate through a series of reactions and occurs parallel to glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose and plays a vital role in generating free energy for the cell and metabolites for further oxidative degradation. Glucose primarily becomes available in the blood as a result of glycogen breakdown or from its synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (gluconeogenesis) and is imported into cells by specific transport proteins. Glycolysis.
The pentose phosphate Phosphate Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. Electrolytes pathway occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.
The pentose phosphate Phosphate Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. Electrolytes pathway generates intermediates that are utilized for multiple purposes:
Pentose
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes pathway intermediates:
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate.
Gluconeogenesis (G-6-P),
fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis (F-6-P), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GLYAL-3-P) are intermediates from
glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose and plays a vital role in generating free energy for the cell and metabolites for further oxidative degradation. Glucose primarily becomes available in the blood as a result of glycogen breakdown or from its synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (gluconeogenesis) and is imported into cells by specific transport proteins.
Glycolysis. Ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P) is used in the
synthesis
Synthesis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of
nucleotides
Nucleotides
The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
Nucleic Acids, whereas erythrose-4-phosphate (E-4-P) is used in the
synthesis
Synthesis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of aromatic amino
acids
Acids
Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water.
Acid-Base Balance. The bottom row depicts sugars that are either rarely, or never, found outside the pentose
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes pathway.
The pentose
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes pathway acts as a junction point for numerous pathways.
Image showing the multiple entrance and exit points for metabolites, including nucleotide
synthesis
Synthesis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), aromatic
amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids (AAs) are composed of a central carbon atom attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group).
Basics of Amino Acids
synthesis
Synthesis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR),
glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose and plays a vital role in generating free energy for the cell and metabolites for further oxidative degradation. Glucose primarily becomes available in the blood as a result of glycogen breakdown or from its synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (gluconeogenesis) and is imported into cells by specific transport proteins.
Glycolysis, and
gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. This metabolic pathway is more than just a reversal of glycolysis. Gluconeogenesis provides the body with glucose not obtained from food, such as during a fasting period. The production of glucose is critical for organs and cells that cannot use fat for fuel.
Gluconeogenesis
NADPH: nicotinamide
adenine
Adenine
A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids dinucleotide
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes
P:
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes
G:
glucose
Glucose
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Lactose Intolerance
PG: phosphogluconate
L: lactone
Ru: ribulose
R:
ribose
Ribose
A pentose active in biological systems usually in its d-form.
Nucleic Acids
Xu: xylulose
S: sedoheptulose
GLYAL: glyceraldehyde
There are 2 major phases that comprise the pentose phosphate Phosphate Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. Electrolytes pathway:
The oxidative phase is an irreversible, 3-step process.
Initial molecules:
Reactions:
Products:
The oxidative phase converts
glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate.
Gluconeogenesis (1) into ribulose-5-phosphate (4), forming 2 molecules of NADPH in the process.
NADPH: nicotinamide
adenine
Adenine
A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids dinucleotide
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes
The nonoxidative phase is reversible, utilizing isomerases Isomerases A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product. Basics of Enzymes to form sugar intermediates that are used in glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose and plays a vital role in generating free energy for the cell and metabolites for further oxidative degradation. Glucose primarily becomes available in the blood as a result of glycogen breakdown or from its synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (gluconeogenesis) and is imported into cells by specific transport proteins. Glycolysis and nucleotide biosynthesis Biosynthesis The biosynthesis of peptides and proteins on ribosomes, directed by messenger RNA, via transfer RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic amino acids. Virology.
Rearrangement within the nonoxidative phase of the pentose
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes pathway:
Transketolase transfers 2 carbons from xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu-5-P) to ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P) to yield sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S-7-P) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GLYCAL-3-P).
Rearrangement within the nonoxidative phase of the pentose
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes pathway:
Transaldolase transfers a carbon from sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S-7-P) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GLYCAL-3-P) to yield erythrose-4-phosphate (E-4-P) and fructose-6-phopshate (F-6-P).
Rearrangement within the nonoxidative phase of the pentose
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes pathway:
Transketolase transfers 2 carbons from xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu-5-P) to erythrose-4-phosphate (E-4-P) to yield
fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis (F-6-P) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GLYAL-3-P).