Electrolytes are mineral salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions, which can be either be positively (cations) or negatively (anions) charged. Electrolytes are distributed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments in different concentrations. Electrolytes are essential for various basic life-sustaining functions such as maintaining electrical neutrality in cells, generating action potentials in nerves and muscles, and maintaining normal blood pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance. The most important electrolytes are sodium Sodium A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. Hyponatremia, potassium Potassium An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. Hyperkalemia, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. In order for these electrolytes to participate in biochemical reactions and cellular processes, regulatory mechanisms are in place, which help maintain homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death.
Last updated: 18 Mar, 2022
The ICF ICF The fluid inside cells. Body Fluid Compartments and ECF compartments have different and unequal electrolyte distribution to maintain physiological function.
Intracellular fluid Intracellular fluid The fluid inside cells. Body Fluid Compartments:
Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid The fluid of the body that is outside of cells. It is the external environment for the cells. Body Fluid Compartments:
Sodium
Sodium
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
Hyponatremia–
potassium
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
Hyperkalemia
pump
Pump
ACES and RUSH: Resuscitation Ultrasound Protocols:
Transmembrane ATPase maintains a gradient of higher Na+ concentration in the ECF and a higher K+ concentration in the
ICF
ICF
The fluid inside cells.
Body Fluid Compartments. For every ATP consumed, the ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell, which stabilizes the cellular
resting membrane potential
Resting membrane potential
Membrane Potential and cell volume.
Pi: inorganic phosphate
ECF:
extracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
The fluid of the body that is outside of cells. It is the external environment for the cells.
Body Fluid Compartments
ICF
ICF
The fluid inside cells.
Body Fluid Compartments:
intracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
The fluid inside cells.
Body Fluid Compartments
Chloride homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death:
Schematic diagram of calcium (Ca²⁺) regulation:
Low
plasma
Plasma
The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation.
Transfusion Products Ca²⁺ stimulates the
release
Release
Release of a virus from the host cell following virus assembly and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, exocytosis, or budding through the plasma membrane.
Virology of
parathyroid
Parathyroid
The parathyroid glands are 2 pairs of small endocrine glands found in close proximity to the thyroid gland. The superior parathyroid glands are lodged within the parenchyma of the upper poles of the right and left thyroid lobes; the inferior parathyroid glands are close to the inferior tips or poles of the lobes.
Parathyroid Glands: Anatomy hormone (PTH), which increases Ca²⁺ and phosphate
release
Release
Release of a virus from the host cell following virus assembly and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, exocytosis, or budding through the plasma membrane.
Virology from the
bone
Bone
Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy.
Bones: Structure and Types, Ca²⁺
absorption
Absorption
Absorption involves the uptake of nutrient molecules and their transfer from the lumen of the GI tract across the enterocytes and into the interstitial space, where they can be taken up in the venous or lymphatic circulation.
Digestion and Absorption in the GI tract, and
vitamin D
Vitamin D
A vitamin that includes both cholecalciferols and ergocalciferols, which have the common effect of preventing or curing rickets in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in skin by action of ultraviolet rays upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol, and acts on vitamin D receptors to regulate calcium in opposition to parathyroid hormone.
Fat-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies production in the
kidneys
Kidneys
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally against the posterior wall of the abdomen on either side of the spine. As part of the urinary tract, the kidneys are responsible for blood filtration and excretion of water-soluble waste in the urine.
Kidneys: Anatomy. Active
vitamin D
Vitamin D
A vitamin that includes both cholecalciferols and ergocalciferols, which have the common effect of preventing or curing rickets in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in skin by action of ultraviolet rays upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol, and acts on vitamin D receptors to regulate calcium in opposition to parathyroid hormone.
Fat-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies, in turn, increases Ca²⁺
release
Release
Release of a virus from the host cell following virus assembly and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, exocytosis, or budding through the plasma membrane.
Virology from the bones and Ca²⁺
absorption
Absorption
Absorption involves the uptake of nutrient molecules and their transfer from the lumen of the GI tract across the enterocytes and into the interstitial space, where they can be taken up in the venous or lymphatic circulation.
Digestion and Absorption in the
small intestine
Small intestine
The small intestine is the longest part of the GI tract, extending from the pyloric orifice of the stomach to the ileocecal junction. The small intestine is the major organ responsible for chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is divided into 3 segments: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
Small Intestine: Anatomy.
CO2 + H2O ⇆ H2CO3 ⇆ H+ + HCO3–
To maintain homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death, the following mechanisms are triggered to keep the pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance in the physiological range (7.35–7.45):