Homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death is the steady state Steady state Enzyme Kinetics of equilibrium Equilibrium Occurs when tumor cells survive the initial elimination attempt These cells are not able to progress, being maintained in a state of dormancy by the adaptive immune system. In this phase, tumor immunogenicity is edited, where T cells keep selectively attacking highly immunogenic tumor cells.This attack leaves other cells with less immunogenicity to potentially develop resistance to the immune response. Cancer Immunotherapy. Similarly, in biochemistry, energy homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death is the balance point between energy supplied and energy dissipated (i.e., a constant energy state) that the human body seeks to maintain for optimal performance. The hypothalamus Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a collection of various nuclei within the diencephalon in the center of the brain. The hypothalamus plays a vital role in endocrine regulation as the primary regulator of the pituitary gland, and it is the major point of integration between the central nervous and endocrine systems. Hypothalamus plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death. Inefficient energy homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death is thought to be a major factor in the obesity Obesity Obesity is a condition associated with excess body weight, specifically with the deposition of excessive adipose tissue. Obesity is considered a global epidemic. Major influences come from the western diet and sedentary lifestyles, but the exact mechanisms likely include a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Obesity epidemic. Many models have been proposed to explain and further understand the mechanism of energy homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death.
Last updated: 10 May, 2022
Energy generated from metabolic fuels
ETC
ETC
The electron transport chain (ETC) sends electrons through a series of proteins, which generate an electrochemical proton gradient that produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Electron Transport Chain (ETC):
electron transport chain
Electron transport chain
The electron transport chain (ETC) sends electrons through a series of proteins, which generate an electrochemical proton gradient that produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
FADH: flavin
adenine
Adenine
A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids dinucleotide
NADP: nicotinamide
adenine
Adenine
A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids dinucleotide
phosphate
Phosphate
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Electrolytes
TCA: tricarboxylic acid
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen phosphorylase
An enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of glycogen in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bond. This enzyme exists in two forms: an active phosphorylated form ( phosphorylase A) and an inactive un-phosphorylated form (phosphorylase B). Both A and B forms of phosphorylase exist as homodimers. In mammals, the major isozymes of glycogen phosphorylase are found in muscle, liver and brain tissue.
Glycogen Metabolism:
The process of breaking down glycogen involves the
glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen phosphorylase
An enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of glycogen in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bond. This enzyme exists in two forms: an active phosphorylated form ( phosphorylase A) and an inactive un-phosphorylated form (phosphorylase B). Both A and B forms of phosphorylase exist as homodimers. In mammals, the major isozymes of glycogen phosphorylase are found in muscle, liver and brain tissue.
Glycogen Metabolism enzyme.
Structure of triglyceride
Image: “General structural formula of triglycerides Triglycerides Fatty Acids and Lipids” by Lennert B. License: Public DomainMetabolism in postabsorptive state in different tissues in the body:
Note the role of
glucose
Glucose
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Lactose Intolerance,
ketone bodies
Ketone bodies
The metabolic substances acetone; 3-hydroxybutyric acid; and acetoacetic acid (acetoacetates). They are produced in the liver and kidney during fatty acids oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.
Ketone Body Metabolism, and fatty
acids
Acids
Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water.
Acid-Base Balance.
Fed state | Fasting state |
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Fed state | Fasting state |
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Resting muscle:
Active muscle: