Amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance (AAs) are composed of a central carbon atom attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group). There are hundreds of AAs found in nature, but only 20 are the building blocks of proteins Proteins Linear polypeptides that are synthesized on ribosomes and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during protein folding, and the function of the protein. Energy Homeostasis in humans (proteinogenic). Nine of these 20 are “essential,” as they cannot be synthesized. Amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance differ from one another only in the chemical nature of the R group. They are most commonly classified according to their interaction with water as hydrophobic, hydrophilic Hydrophilic Aminoglycosides, or ionic.
Last updated: Apr 23, 2021
Each amino acid ( AA AA Amyloidosis) is composed of one alpha, or central, carbon bonded to:
The basic structure of amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance
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Isomeric forms of amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance
Image by Lecturio.R groups determine the differences in structure, function, and biological interactions of AAs.
R groups can be classified in 2 ways:
Categories of R groups or side chains of amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance
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*Required only during periods of growth or positive
nitrogen
Nitrogen
An element with the atomic symbol n, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14. 00643; 14. 00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
Urea Cycle balance.
**Synthesized from essential AAs.
***
Cysteine
Cysteine
A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine.
Synthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids analogue with
selenium
Selenium
An element with the atomic symbol se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78. 97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase.
Trace Elements instead of the usual sulfur. Not directly encoded in the genetic code
| Non-polar or hydrophobic | Polar or hydrophilic Hydrophilic Aminoglycosides | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Aromatic |
|
Positively charged or basic |
|
| Aliphatic |
|
Uncharged |
|
| Negatively charged or acidic |
|
||
Zwitterion form
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Example of ionization using aspartic acid. At the top are the 4 different forms that can exist with ionization. Notice how as equivalents of hydroxyl (OH), plotted on the x-axis, are added, the pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance (y-axis) increases. As pH pH The quantitative measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Acid-Base Balance increases, the pK points are reached and progressively more hydrogen ions (protons) are released from the aspartic acid, lowering its charge.
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The 3 categories of catabolic products of amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance: glucogenic (green), ketogenic (red), and both glucogenic and ketogenic (blue). The glucose-pyruvate pathway on the left represents glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose and plays a vital role in generating free energy for the cell and metabolites for further oxidative degradation. Glucose primarily becomes available in the blood as a result of glycogen breakdown or from its synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (gluconeogenesis) and is imported into cells by specific transport proteins. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. This metabolic pathway is more than just a reversal of glycolysis. Gluconeogenesis provides the body with glucose not obtained from food, such as during a fasting period. The production of glucose is critical for organs and cells that cannot use fat for fuel. Gluconeogenesis. The cyclic pathway on the right represents the citric acid cycle Cycle The type of signal that ends the inspiratory phase delivered by the ventilator Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. All amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance are broken down into 1 of 6 intermediates (green boxes): pyruvate Pyruvate Derivatives of pyruvic acid, including its salts and esters. Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. Citric Acid Cycle, oxaloacetate Oxaloacetate Derivatives of oxaloacetic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1, 4-carboxy aliphatic structure. Citric Acid Cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA Succinyl-CoA Citric Acid Cycle, and fumarate Fumarate Citric Acid Cycle.
Image by Lecturio.The catabolism of AAs involves anaplerotic reactions (chemical reactions that form intermediates of metabolic pathways).
Amino acids Acids Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. Acid-Base Balance can be classified by the catabolic products and into which metabolic pathways they will serve as intermediates:
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