Calcium Calcium A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Electrolytes channel blockers (CCBs) are a class of medications that inhibit voltage-dependent L-type calcium Calcium A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Electrolytes channels Channels The Cell: Cell Membrane of cardiac Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) and vascular smooth muscle cells. The inhibition of these channels Channels The Cell: Cell Membrane produces vasodilation Vasodilation The physiological widening of blood vessels by relaxing the underlying vascular smooth muscle. Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs and myocardial depression. There are 2 major classes of CCBs: dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs and non- dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs, which differ in their selectivity for cardiac Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) or vascular smooth muscle cells. Broadly, these agents are used to treat hypertension Hypertension Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common disease that manifests as elevated systemic arterial pressures. Hypertension is most often asymptomatic and is found incidentally as part of a routine physical examination or during triage for an unrelated medical encounter. Hypertension, angina, and tachyarrhythmias. Side effects are from vasodilation Vasodilation The physiological widening of blood vessels by relaxing the underlying vascular smooth muscle. Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs ( headache Headache The symptom of pain in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of headache disorders. Brain Abscess, peripheral edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema, reflex tachycardia Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia. Sepsis in Children) or a consequence of reduced myocardial contractility and nodal conduction velocity ( bradycardia Bradycardia Bradyarrhythmia is a rhythm in which the heart rate is less than 60/min. Bradyarrhythmia can be physiologic, without symptoms or hemodynamic change. Pathologic bradyarrhythmia results in reduced cardiac output and hemodynamic instability causing syncope, dizziness, or dyspnea. Bradyarrhythmias).
Last updated: 18 May, 2022
Cardiac
Cardiac
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) myocyte
action potential
Action Potential
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the cell membrane of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Membrane Potential:
1.
Sodium
Sodium
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
Hyponatremia
channels
Channels
The Cell: Cell Membrane open, and
sodium
Sodium
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
Hyponatremia enters the cell.
2.
Sodium
Sodium
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
Hyponatremia
channels
Channels
The Cell: Cell Membrane close; some
potassium
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
Hyperkalemia moves outward. Intracellular
calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes increases from entry through L-type
calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes
channels
Channels
The Cell: Cell Membrane and
release
Release
Release of a virus from the host cell following virus assembly and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, exocytosis, or budding through the plasma membrane.
Virology of
calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.
Muscle Tissue: Histology.
3.
Calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes
channels
Channels
The Cell: Cell Membrane close and with increased
potassium
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
Hyperkalemia efflux.
Cardiac
Cardiac
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
myocytes
Myocytes
Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called myoblasts.
Muscle Tissue: Histology relax.
Diagram demonstrating a
cardiac
Cardiac
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
action potential
Action Potential
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the cell membrane of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Membrane Potential and the phases of action for different antiarrhythmic drug classes:
The
cycle
Cycle
The type of signal that ends the inspiratory phase delivered by the ventilator
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation begins with phase 4, the resting potential. Phase 0 is when rapid
depolarization
Depolarization
Membrane Potential happens due to an influx of
sodium
Sodium
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
Hyponatremia ions into the cell.
Repolarization
Repolarization
Membrane Potential follows, with an efflux of
potassium
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
Hyperkalemia through fast
potassium
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
Hyperkalemia
channels
Channels
The Cell: Cell Membrane in
phase 1
Phase 1
Skin: Structure and Functions,
calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes influx in
phase 2
Phase 2
Skin: Structure and Functions causing a
plateau
Plateau
Cardiac Physiology (site of action for
calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes channel blockers), and an efflux of
potassium
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
Hyperkalemia through delayed
potassium
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol k, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39. 10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
Hyperkalemia
channels
Channels
The Cell: Cell Membrane in
phase 3
Phase 3
Skin: Structure and Functions.
Cardiovascular effects of
calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes channel blockers
1.
Calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes channel blockers slow down the
sinoatrial node
Sinoatrial node
The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (heart atrium) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) to the ventricle (heart ventricle).
Heart: Anatomy, causing lowered
heart rate
Heart rate
The number of times the heart ventricles contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Cardiac Physiology.
2.
Calcium
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Electrolytes channel blockers intake leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation, causing
vasodilation
Vasodilation
The physiological widening of blood vessels by relaxing the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs.
Drug class | Examples | Indications | Key points |
---|---|---|---|
Dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs | Nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine Amlodipine A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Hypertension Drugs, felodipine, nimodipine Nimodipine Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
|
|
Benzothiazepines | Diltiazem |
|
|
Phenylalkylamines | Verapamil Verapamil A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs |
|
|