Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn Newborn An infant during the first 28 days after birth. Physical Examination of the Newborn (HDFN), also known as erythroblastosis fetalis, is caused by maternal IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis antibody destruction of the fetal RBCs RBCs Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), are the most abundant cells in the blood. While erythrocytes in the fetus are initially produced in the yolk sac then the liver, the bone marrow eventually becomes the main site of production. Erythrocytes: Histology. Rhesus (Rh) blood group incompatibility (frequently triggered by D antigen Antigen Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction. Vaccination) and ABO incompatibility are common causes. In Rh incompatibility, an RhD-negative mother carries an RhD-positive baby; thus, antibodies Antibodies Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions form against antigens when fetal RBCs RBCs Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), are the most abundant cells in the blood. While erythrocytes in the fetus are initially produced in the yolk sac then the liver, the bone marrow eventually becomes the main site of production. Erythrocytes: Histology cross into the maternal circulation Circulation The movement of the blood as it is pumped through the cardiovascular system. ABCDE Assessment. In ABO incompatibility, commonly, a mother with blood type O has existing antibodies Antibodies Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions to A and B antigens. The affected baby can suffer from hemolytic anemia Hemolytic Anemia Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia leading to severe neonatal jaundice Jaundice Jaundice is the abnormal yellowing of the skin and/or sclera caused by the accumulation of bilirubin. Hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either an increase in bilirubin production or a decrease in the hepatic uptake, conjugation, or excretion of bilirubin. Jaundice, hydrops Hydrops Cholecystitis fetalis, cardiac Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) complications, and fetal demise. If the pregnancy Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth. Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Physiology, and Care is affected by Rh incompatibility, antenatal surveillance Surveillance Developmental Milestones and Normal Growth is done to determine the need for intrauterine transfusion and early delivery. Postnatal treatment includes close monitoring, phototherapy Phototherapy Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn for jaundice Jaundice Jaundice is the abnormal yellowing of the skin and/or sclera caused by the accumulation of bilirubin. Hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either an increase in bilirubin production or a decrease in the hepatic uptake, conjugation, or excretion of bilirubin. Jaundice, and exchange transfusion in severe cases. For RhD-negative mothers, maternal sensitization can be prevented by using anti-D immunoglobulin (RhoGAM). Prognosis Prognosis A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations. Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas is excellent with prenatal care Prenatal care Prenatal care is a systematic and periodic assessment of pregnant women during gestation to assure the best health outcome for the mother and her fetus. Prenatal care prevents and identifies maternal and fetal problems that adversely affect the pregnancy outcome. Prenatal Care, blood type screening Screening Preoperative Care, and availability of RhD immune globulin.
Last updated: 30 Mar, 2021
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn Newborn An infant during the first 28 days after birth. Physical Examination of the Newborn (HDFN) is hemolytic anemia Hemolytic Anemia Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia of the fetus or newborn Newborn An infant during the first 28 days after birth. Physical Examination of the Newborn of varying degrees of severity due to maternal IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis antibodies Antibodies Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions against fetal RBC surface antigens.
Major ABO blood groups with the respective antigens and antibodies Antibodies Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions based on blood type
Image: “ABO blood type” by InvictaHOG. License: Public DomainDuring pregnancy Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth. Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Physiology, and Care, fetal RBCs RBCs Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), are the most abundant cells in the blood. While erythrocytes in the fetus are initially produced in the yolk sac then the liver, the bone marrow eventually becomes the main site of production. Erythrocytes: Histology move across the placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity into the maternal circulation Circulation The movement of the blood as it is pumped through the cardiovascular system. ABCDE Assessment:
ABO incompatibility:
Rhesus incompatibility:
Rh incompatibility, 1st
pregnancy
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth.
Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Physiology, and Care:
Mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive in the 1st
pregnancy
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth.
Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Physiology, and Care, which
triggers
Triggers
Hereditary Angioedema (C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency) the formation of maternal
antibodies
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution.
Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions (
IgM
IgM
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions). This scenario does not
affect
Affect
The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.
Psychiatric Assessment the 1st baby.
Rh incompatibility, 2nd
pregnancy
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth.
Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Physiology, and Care:
While the 1st-born baby is not affected, by this time,
IgG
IgG
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b.
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis maternal
antibodies
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution.
Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions have developed, which attack the baby if Rh positive. This scenario can lead to
hydrops
Hydrops
Cholecystitis fetalis,
hypoxia
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal oxygen levels in the ambient air of living organisms.
Ischemic Cell Damage, and death.
Ultrasound (US) may show evidence of immune hydrops Hydrops Cholecystitis fetalis, a life-threatening condition in which fetuses have abnormal fluid build-up in the body. The US findings of immune hydrops Hydrops Cholecystitis fetalis may include:
Mild-to-moderate disease:
Severe disease:
Hydrops
Hydrops
Cholecystitis fetalis in a
newborn
Newborn
An infant during the first 28 days after birth.
Physical Examination of the Newborn, born to a Rhesus negative mother without proper prevention:
Note the generalized
edema
Edema
Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity).
Edema.
It is important to identify the potential risk factors for unknown sensitization and prior history of HDFN during pregnancy Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth. Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Physiology, and Care. Potential blood incompatibilities include:
Diagnosis of hemolytic disease of the fetus and
newborn
Newborn
An infant during the first 28 days after birth.
Physical Examination of the Newborn
A: ultrasound image of the head of the fetus showing scalp
edema
Edema
Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity).
Edema (arrow); B: ultrasound showing
ascites
Ascites
Ascites is the pathologic accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that occurs due to an osmotic and/or hydrostatic pressure imbalance secondary to portal hypertension (cirrhosis, heart failure) or non-portal hypertension (hypoalbuminemia, malignancy, infection).
Ascites (arrow) on a
sagittal
Sagittal
Computed Tomography (CT) section of the abdomen; C: sinusoidal fetal heart-rate pattern seen in
patients
Patients
Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures.
Clinician–Patient Relationship with severe
anemia
Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology.
Anemia: Overview and Types
RhD incompatibilities are the only forms of alloimmunization that can be prevented.
Prevention of sensitization using anti-D
immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution.
Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions (RhoGAM):
Anti-D binds Rh negative antigens in the mother’s
circulation
Circulation
The movement of the blood as it is pumped through the cardiovascular system.
ABCDE Assessment to avoid sensitization and development of immune response/formation of
antibodies
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution.
Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions versus Rh negative.
Image of neonatal jaundice Jaundice Jaundice is the abnormal yellowing of the skin and/or sclera caused by the accumulation of bilirubin. Hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either an increase in bilirubin production or a decrease in the hepatic uptake, conjugation, or excretion of bilirubin. Jaundice: newborn Newborn An infant during the first 28 days after birth. Physical Examination of the Newborn undergoing phototherapy Phototherapy Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn
Image: “ Jaundice Jaundice Jaundice is the abnormal yellowing of the skin and/or sclera caused by the accumulation of bilirubin. Hyperbilirubinemia is caused by either an increase in bilirubin production or a decrease in the hepatic uptake, conjugation, or excretion of bilirubin. Jaundice phototherapy Phototherapy Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn” by Martin Pot. License: CC BY 3.0