Valvular disorders can arise from the pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. Heart: Anatomy, located between the right ventricle (RV) and the pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. Lungs: Anatomy (PA). Valvular disorders are diagnosed by echocardiography Echocardiography Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. Tricuspid Valve Atresia (TVA). Pulmonic regurgitation Regurgitation Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (PR) is the backflow of blood through the valve. Prior cardiac Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) surgeries can lead to PR. Graham-Steell murmur, a high-pitched decrescendo murmur at the left sternal border, is a hallmark finding. Pulmonic regurgitation Regurgitation Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) results in RV volume overload, from which RV failure eventually develops. Severe PR is also treated with surgical valve replacement.
Last updated: 10 Mar, 2022
Pulmonary or pulmonic valve:
Pulmonary stenosis Stenosis Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) | Pulmonary regurgitation Regurgitation Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | |
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Etiology | Mostly congenital Congenital Chorioretinitis | Mostly acquired |
Murmur | Systolic murmur, left upper sternal border (preceded by a systolic click that decreases with inspiration Inspiration Ventilation: Mechanics of Breathing) | Diastolic murmur, left upper sternal border, increases with inspiration Inspiration Ventilation: Mechanics of Breathing |
S2 S2 Heart Sounds | Split S2 S2 Heart Sounds with soft and delayed P2 | Split S2 S2 Heart Sounds with a loud P2 |
Echocardiographic findings | Thick and domed leaflets, with increased systolic velocity across the valve, right ventricular hypertrophy Ventricular Hypertrophy Tetralogy of Fallot (RVH) | Valvular abnormalities (depending on etiology), RV enlargement, and regurgitant jet in the right ventricular outflow tract |
Heart valves:
The
pulmonary valve
Pulmonary valve
A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
Heart: Anatomy is the lower middle valve.
The pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. Heart: Anatomy and its location in the heart
Image: “Internal Anatomy of the Heart Anatomy of the heart The heart is a 4-chambered muscular pump made primarily of cardiac muscle tissue. The heart is divided into 4 chambers: 2 upper chambers for receiving blood from the great vessels, known as the right and left atria, and 2 stronger lower chambers, known as the right and left ventricles, which pump blood throughout the body. Heart: Anatomy” by Philschatz. License: CC BY 4.0, edited by Lecturio.The function of the pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. Heart: Anatomy
Image: “ Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary valve A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. Heart: Anatomy” by Philschatz. License: CC BY 4.0, edited by Lecturio.Transesophageal echocardiogram Echocardiogram Transposition of the Great Vessels pulmonary outflow view showing severe pulmonary insufficiency
Image: “Isolated Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary valve A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. Heart: Anatomy Endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis” by Swaminath D, Yaqub Y, Narayanan R, Paone RF RF Rheumatoid Arthritis, Nugent K, Arvandi A. License: CC BY 3.0.Cardiac magnetic resonance Cardiac magnetic resonance Aortic Regurgitation imaging (using steady-state free precession imaging). A: A patient with pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary hypertension (PH) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, which can lead to chronic progressive right heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension is grouped into 5 categories based on etiology, which include primary PAH, and PH due to cardiac disease, lung or hypoxic disease, chronic thromboembolic disease, and multifactorial or unclear etiologies. Pulmonary Hypertension, with images showing. B: A dilated PA with valvular regurgitation Regurgitation Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (white arrow). C: Severe eccentric RV enlargement at a 4-chamber view.
Image: “Right ventricular cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging” by Galea N, Carbone I, Cannata D, Cannavale G, Conti B, Galea R, Frustaci A, Catalano C, Francone M. License: Public domain.