Herbicides are chemical substances used to kill or control the growth of unwanted plants Plants Cell Types: Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic. Important herbicides that can affect Affect The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves. Psychiatric Assessment humans include paraquat, Agent Orange, glyphosate, and organophosphates. Different types of herbicides result in different clinical manifestations and have various toxicity Toxicity Dosage Calculation levels. Paraquat ingestion is associated with multiorgan damage within a few hours and is fatal in large amounts. In contrast, glyphosate typically has low toxicity Toxicity Dosage Calculation, but if a significant volume is ingested, serious adverse effects occur. Organophosphates, which are broadly used as pesticides, produce a cholinergic toxidrome Toxidrome A toxidrome describes a group of signs, symptoms, and/or characteristic effects associated with exposure to a particular substance or class of substances. General Principles of Toxidromes. Agent Orange, containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a human carcinogen, carries both short-term (e.g., chloracne, liver Liver The liver is the largest gland in the human body. The liver is found in the superior right quadrant of the abdomen and weighs approximately 1.5 kilograms. Its main functions are detoxification, metabolism, nutrient storage (e.g., iron and vitamins), synthesis of coagulation factors, formation of bile, filtration, and storage of blood. Liver: Anatomy toxicity Toxicity Dosage Calculation) and long-term (e.g., cancers) complications. Exposure Exposure ABCDE Assessment can be dermal or via inhalation or ingestion. In general, early detection is important to prevent serious sequelae. Initial management consists of stabilizing the patient and decontamination. An antidote Antidote An antidote is a substance that counteracts poisoning or toxicity. Substances that can cause poisoning include heavy metals (from occupation, treatments, or diet), alcohols, environmental toxins, and medications. Antidotes of Common Poisonings is given, if available. Treatment of herbicide poisoning revolves around supportive care that depends on the involved organ system.
Last updated: 6 May, 2022
Herbicides are substances that are used to kill or control the growth of unwanted plants Plants Cell Types: Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic.
Paraquat:
Rules in the United States:
Paraquat intoxication:
Exudative ulcerated
tongue
Tongue
The tongue, on the other hand, is a complex muscular structure that permits tasting and facilitates the process of mastication and communication. The blood supply of the tongue originates from the external carotid artery, and the innervation is through cranial nerves.
Lips and Tongue: Anatomy and edematous lip in a patient with intentional paraquat ingestion
Paraquat intoxication:
Posteroanterior (PA) chest
X-ray
X-ray
Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard x-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength x-rays. Soft x-rays or grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps the gamma rays wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and x-rays is based on their radiation source.
Pulmonary Function Tests showing mild bilateral patchy
consolidation
Consolidation
Pulmonary Function Tests, especially in
hilum
Hilum
Lungs: Anatomy
Agent Orange:
Acute:
Chronic:
A person with birth deformities associated with prenatal exposure Exposure ABCDE Assessment to Agent Orange
Image: “A person with birth deformities associated with prenatal exposure Exposure ABCDE Assessment to Agent Orange” by Emilio Labrador. License: CC BY 2.0Chloracne in a herbicide production worker:
Almost every follicular orifice on the face and
neck
Neck
The part of a human or animal body connecting the head to the rest of the body.
Peritonsillar Abscess is affected with
comedones
Comedones
Acne Vulgaris, papules, and cyst-like lesions.
Glyphosate:
Mild to moderate toxicity Toxicity Dosage Calculation:
Severe toxicity Toxicity Dosage Calculation:
Organophosphates:
Pesticide
Pesticide
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (fungicides, industrial); insecticides; rodenticides; etc.
Asthma/herbicide effect (organophosphate):
1:
Pesticide
Pesticide
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (fungicides, industrial); insecticides; rodenticides; etc.
Asthma accumulation in
synaptic cleft
Synaptic cleft
Synapses and Neurotransmission
2: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by
pesticide
Pesticide
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (fungicides, industrial); insecticides; rodenticides; etc.
Asthma
3: Constant activation of
acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.
Receptors and Neurotransmitters of the CNS
receptors
Receptors
Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell.
Receptors
SLUDGE BBB BBB Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells with tight junctions that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. Nervous System: Histology (muscarinic effects):
DUMBELS (muscarinic effects):