A goiter is a chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck. Thyroid Gland: Anatomy due to nonneoplastic growth occurring in the setting of hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause worldwide, but Hashimoto's disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) is the leading cause in non-iodine-deficient regions. Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate. Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism, or euthyroidism. Morphologically, thyroid Thyroid The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck. Thyroid Gland: Anatomy enlargement can be diffuse (smooth consistency Consistency Dermatologic Examination) or nodular (uninodular or multinodular). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Thyroiditis Thyroiditis is a catchall term used to describe a variety of conditions that have inflammation of the thyroid gland in common. It includes pathologies that cause an acute illness with severe thyroid pain (e.g., subacute thyroiditis and infectious thyroiditis) as well as conditions in which there is no clinically evident inflammation and the manifestations primarily reflect thyroid dysfunction or a goiter (e.g., painless thyroiditis and fibrous Riedel's thyroiditis). Thyroiditis is associated with a benign Benign Fibroadenoma hypothyroid goiter, while Graves’ disease Graves’ disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (Graves ophthalmopathy) and the skin (Graves dermopathy). Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism produces a toxic or hyperthyroid goiter. Nontoxic goiter is euthyroid Euthyroid Thyroiditis and is usually due to iodine Iodine A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126. 90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. Thyroid Hormones deficiency (the most common cause of goiter). Diagnostic tests Diagnostic tests Diagnostic tests are important aspects in making a diagnosis. Some of the most important epidemiological values of diagnostic tests include sensitivity and specificity, false positives and false negatives, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios, and pre-test and post-test probabilities. Epidemiological Values of Diagnostic Tests include thyroid Thyroid The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck. Thyroid Gland: Anatomy function tests and measurement of thyroid Thyroid The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck. Thyroid Gland: Anatomy antibodies Antibodies Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that act in immune responses by recognizing and binding particular antigens. The various Ig classes are IgG (the most abundant), IgM, IgE, IgD, and IgA, which differ in their biologic features, structure, target specificity, and distribution. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions. Ultrasound, CT, and/or MRI help if lab results are ambiguous and if worrisome features such as obstructive symptoms are present. Radioactive iodine Radioactive iodine Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes. Antithyroid Drugs uptake distinguishes hyperthyroid causes. Treatment depends on the underlying condition; options include observation, medication, surgery, and radioiodine ablation Radioiodine Ablation Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism.
Last updated: 26 Mar, 2021
Hypothalamic–
pituitary
Pituitary
A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk which is called the infundibulum.
Hormones: Overview and Types–
thyroid
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck.
Thyroid Gland: Anatomy
axis
Axis
The second cervical vertebra.
Vertebral Column: Anatomy feedback loop:
When the
thyroid
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck.
Thyroid Gland: Anatomy
hormones
Hormones
Hormones are messenger molecules that are synthesized in one part of the body and move through the bloodstream to exert specific regulatory effects on another part of the body. Hormones play critical roles in coordinating cellular activities throughout the body in response to the constant changes in both the internal and external environments.
Hormones: Overview and Types are low, the
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a collection of various nuclei within the diencephalon in the center of the brain. The hypothalamus plays a vital role in endocrine regulation as the primary regulator of the pituitary gland, and it is the major point of integration between the central nervous and endocrine systems.
Hypothalamus releases TRH, and this
triggers
Triggers
Hereditary Angioedema (C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency) the
pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is considered the “master endocrine gland” because it releases hormones that regulate the activity of multiple major endocrine organs in the body. The gland sits on the sella turcica, just below the hypothalamus, which is the primary regulator of the pituitary gland.
Pituitary Gland: Anatomy to secrete TSH. This stimulates the
thyroid gland
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck.
Thyroid Gland: Anatomy to produce
T4
T4
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
Thyroid Hormones and
T3
T3
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5′ position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly t3.
Thyroid Hormones. Approximately â…“ of the
T4
T4
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
Thyroid Hormones produced is converted to the much more bioactive form
T3
T3
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5′ position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly t3.
Thyroid Hormones.
Increase in free or unbound
T3
T3
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5′ position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly t3.
Thyroid Hormones/
T4
T4
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
Thyroid Hormones creates
negative feedback
Negative feedback
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones, inhibiting the
release
Release
Release of a virus from the host cell following virus assembly and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, exocytosis, or budding through the plasma membrane.
Virology of TRH and TSH.
Patient from South Sudan with a goiter:
In rural areas of South Sudan,
iodine
Iodine
A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126. 90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
Thyroid Hormones deficiency is a major public health problem.
Grade | Severity of goiter |
---|---|
0 | No goiter |
1 |
|
2 | Clearly visible swelling Swelling Inflammation in the neck Neck The part of a human or animal body connecting the head to the rest of the body. Peritonsillar Abscess when the neck Neck The part of a human or animal body connecting the head to the rest of the body. Peritonsillar Abscess is in a normal position and is consistent with an enlarged thyroid gland Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck. Thyroid Gland: Anatomy when the neck Neck The part of a human or animal body connecting the head to the rest of the body. Peritonsillar Abscess is palpated |
Identify thyroid Thyroid The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck. Thyroid Gland: Anatomy function and possible underlying cause:
Identify goiter size and presence of nodule Nodule Chalazion with its characteristics and obstructive effect:
Thyroid
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck.
Thyroid Gland: Anatomy uptake scans:
(A) Normal
(B)
Graves’ disease
Graves’ disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (Graves ophthalmopathy) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism: diffuse increased uptake in both
thyroid
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck.
Thyroid Gland: Anatomy lobes
(C)
Toxic multinodular goiter
Toxic Multinodular Goiter
Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism: “hot” and “cold” areas of uneven uptake
(D)
Toxic adenoma
Toxic Adenoma
Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism: increased uptake in a single
nodule
Nodule
Chalazion with
suppression
Suppression
Defense Mechanisms of the surrounding
thyroid
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body. The thyroid gland is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior region of the neck.
Thyroid Gland: Anatomy
(E)
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis is a catchall term used to describe a variety of conditions that have inflammation of the thyroid gland in common. It includes pathologies that cause an acute illness with severe thyroid pain (e.g., subacute thyroiditis and infectious thyroiditis) as well as conditions in which there is no clinically evident inflammation and the manifestations primarily reflect thyroid dysfunction or a goiter (e.g., painless thyroiditis and fibrous Riedel’s thyroiditis).
Thyroiditis: decreased or absent uptake
Goiter with obstructive effect:
CT of the
neck
Neck
The part of a human or animal body connecting the head to the rest of the body.
Peritonsillar Abscess illustrating
compression
Compression
Blunt Chest Trauma of the
trachea
Trachea
The trachea is a tubular structure that forms part of the lower respiratory tract. The trachea is continuous superiorly with the larynx and inferiorly becomes the bronchial tree within the lungs. The trachea consists of a support frame of semicircular, or C-shaped, rings made out of hyaline cartilage and reinforced by collagenous connective tissue.
Trachea: Anatomy and
esophagus
Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube-shaped organ of around 25 centimeters in length that connects the pharynx to the stomach. The organ extends from approximately the 6th cervical vertebra to the 11th thoracic vertebra and can be divided grossly into 3 parts: the cervical part, the thoracic part, and the abdominal part.
Esophagus: Anatomy by the goiter
Evaluate worrisome features (suspected malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax) with fine-needle aspiration biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma: