Benign Benign Fibroadenoma bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types lesions are a group of noncancerous, slow-growing neoplasms that arise from cartilage Cartilage Cartilage is a type of connective tissue derived from embryonic mesenchyme that is responsible for structural support, resilience, and the smoothness of physical actions. Perichondrium (connective tissue membrane surrounding cartilage) compensates for the absence of vasculature in cartilage by providing nutrition and support. Cartilage: Histology or bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types. These lesions have distinct features, such as endosteal reactions with intraosseous calcification and bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types formation. There are several common benign Benign Fibroadenoma bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types tumors; osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteochondroma, osteoma, and giant-cell tumors are discussed here. Diagnosis is made on x-ray X-ray Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard x-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength x-rays. Soft x-rays or grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps the gamma rays wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and x-rays is based on their radiation source. Pulmonary Function Tests, which shows localized lesions in the bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types with sharp margins and without soft tissue Soft Tissue Soft Tissue Abscess involvement. A biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma may also be necessary. Asymptomatic lesions require no management, but surgical removal or curettage may be required for symptomatic lesions and/or to prevent pathologic fractures.
Last updated: 2 May, 2022
Osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification osteomas Osteomas A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and osteoblastomas are bone-forming lesions found in children; osteomas Osteomas A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). Familial Adenomatous Polyposis can also be seen in adults. Osteochondromas are cartilage-forming tumors. Giant-cell tumors are osteolytic. Fibromas and bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types cysts Cysts Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an epithelium. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues. Fibrocystic Change are other benign Benign Fibroadenoma bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types lesions.
X-ray
X-ray
Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard x-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength x-rays. Soft x-rays or grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps the gamma rays wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and x-rays is based on their radiation source.
Pulmonary Function Tests showing cortical
osteoid
Osteoid
Bones: Development and Ossification osteoma involving the upper end of the femur:
The nidus is well seen (black arrow) along with the surrounding cortical thickening (white arrow).
Coronal Coronal Computed Tomography (CT) CT confirms the radiolucent Radiolucent An object of low density that is permeable to X-rays (looks black) X-rays nidus (black arrow) with surrounding bony sclerosis Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. Wilms Tumor and cortical thickening (white arrow) in an osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification osteoma.
Image: “ Osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification osteoma of the femur” by Jankharia B, Burute N. License: CC BY 2.0Histological findings show random reticular osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification formation within a fibrovascular stroma, consistent with osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification osteoma.
Image: “Histological findings. Histological findings showing random reticular osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification formation within a fibrovascular stroma, consistent with osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification osteoma” by Kazutaka Kikuta et al AL Amyloidosis. License: CC BY 4.0Histologically proven case of
ethmoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
The numerous (6-12) small thin-walled spaces or air cells in the ethmoid bone located between the eyes. These air cells form an ethmoidal labyrinth.
Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy osteoma in a 15-year-old boy with left orbital
pain
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by nerve endings of nociceptive neurons.
Pain: Types and Pathways and recurrent
sinusitis
Sinusitis
Sinusitis refers to inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses. The condition usually occurs concurrently with inflammation of the nasal mucosa (rhinitis), a condition known as rhinosinusitis. Acute sinusitis is due to an upper respiratory infection caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal agent.
Sinusitis for 6 months
a:
Coronal
Coronal
Computed Tomography (CT) CT scan (
bone
Bone
Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy.
Bones: Structure and Types window) shows a well-circumscribed
mass
Mass
Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast
Imaging of the Breast (arrow) with
ossification
Ossification
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
Bones: Development and Ossification of
variable
Variable
Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups.
Types of Variables density. The peripheral dense portion corresponds to ivory osteoma (arrow), whereas the central portion (asterisk) corresponds to trabecular osteoma.
b: Corresponding
coronal
Coronal
Computed Tomography (CT) fat-saturated T1-weighted image obtained after IV
gadolinium
Gadolinium
An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157. 25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The central osteoma portion (trabecular
bone
Bone
Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy.
Bones: Structure and Types with marrow) enhances after contrast material (asterisk). In the absence of CT, the ivory osteoma portion can be misinterpreted as air.
Histopathological section of a middle ear Middle ear The space and structures directly internal to the tympanic membrane and external to the inner ear (labyrinth). Its major components include the auditory ossicles and the eustachian tube that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat. Acute Otitis Media osteoma shows fragments of lamellar bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types with normal marrow elements.
Image: “Histopathological section of middle ear Middle ear The space and structures directly internal to the tympanic membrane and external to the inner ear (labyrinth). Its major components include the auditory ossicles and the eustachian tube that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat. Acute Otitis Media osteoma showing fragments of lamellar bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types with normal marrow elements (stained with hematoxylin and eosin).” by Kate Curtis et al AL Amyloidosis. License: CC BY 4.0Coronal Coronal Computed Tomography (CT) CT image of an osteoblastoma
Image: “ Coronal Coronal Computed Tomography (CT) multislice computed tomography image of osteoblastoma” by Cikojević D, Colović Z, Lozić B, Klančnik M. License: CC BY 2.0Variable Variable Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups. Types of Variables osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification calcifications lined by plump osteoblasts Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. Bones: Development and Ossification are visible and characteristic of osteoblastoma.
Image: “ Variable Variable Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups. Types of Variables osteoid Osteoid Bones: Development and Ossification calcifications lined by plump osteoblasts Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. Bones: Development and Ossification are also visible that are characteristic of osteoblastoma (Ă—20).” by Shokouh Taghipour Zahi et al AL Amyloidosis. License: CC BY 3.0Oblique radiograph of the right arm Arm The arm, or “upper arm” in common usage, is the region of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the elbow joint and connects inferiorly to the forearm through the cubital fossa. It is divided into 2 fascial compartments (anterior and posterior). Arm: Anatomy shows soft tissue Soft Tissue Soft Tissue Abscess swelling Swelling Inflammation overlying a broad-based osteochondroma arising from the humerus Humerus Bone in humans and primates extending from the shoulder joint to the elbow joint. Arm: Anatomy and directed toward the chest wall Chest wall The chest wall consists of skin, fat, muscles, bones, and cartilage. The bony structure of the chest wall is composed of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. The chest wall serves as armor for the vital intrathoracic organs and provides the stability necessary for the movement of the shoulders and arms. Chest Wall: Anatomy.
Image: “Oblique radiograph of the right arm Arm The arm, or “upper arm” in common usage, is the region of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the elbow joint and connects inferiorly to the forearm through the cubital fossa. It is divided into 2 fascial compartments (anterior and posterior). Arm: Anatomy” by Maras Ozdemır Z, Karakaplan M, Kahraman AS, Karadag N. License: CC BY 3.0Examples of radiographs demonstrating multiple osteochondromas around the knee (A) and at the pelvis Pelvis The pelvis consists of the bony pelvic girdle, the muscular and ligamentous pelvic floor, and the pelvic cavity, which contains viscera, vessels, and multiple nerves and muscles. The pelvic girdle, composed of 2 “hip” bones and the sacrum, is a ring-like bony structure of the axial skeleton that links the vertebral column with the lower extremities. Pelvis: Anatomy and proximal femur (B); panel C demonstrates the deformity Deformity Examination of the Upper Limbs of the forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term “forearm” is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm: Anatomy (shortening of the ulna Ulna The inner and longer bone of the forearm. Forearm: Anatomy with secondary bowing of radius Radius The outer shorter of the two bones of the forearm, lying parallel to the ulna and partially revolving around it. Forearm: Anatomy) that is found in 39%–60% of individuals.
Image: “Examples of radiographs demonstrating multiple osteochondromas” by Bovée JV. License: CC BY 2.0Histological examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis of osteochondroma:
A) Cartilage-capped trabecular
bone
Bone
Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy.
Bones: Structure and Types covered by
fibrous
Fibrous
Fibrocystic Change perichondrial tissue is visible.
B) The cartilaginous cap of osteochondroma shows no evidence of malignant
transformation
Transformation
Change brought about to an organism’s genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (transfection; transduction, genetic; conjugation, genetic, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell’s genome.
Bacteriology.
“Soap bubble” appearance of giant cell tumor Tumor Inflammation in 4th metatarsal
Image: “Giant cell tumor Tumor Inflammation of bone08” by James Heilman. License: Public DomainGiant-cell
tumor
Tumor
Inflammation of the left distal femur:
A:
X-ray
X-ray
Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard x-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength x-rays. Soft x-rays or grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps the gamma rays wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and x-rays is based on their radiation source.
Pulmonary Function Tests film reveals osteolytic destruction and cortical thinning at the left femoral condyle.
B and C: T1-weighted MRI reveals low signal at the distal femur and a lateral visible
tumor
Tumor
Inflammation penetrating the front side of the cortex.
Histological findings of a giant cell
tumor
Tumor
Inflammation of the
bone
Bone
Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy.
Bones: Structure and Types:
The
tumor
Tumor
Inflammation is composed of round, mononuclear stromal cells and uniformly scattered multinucleated
giant cells
Giant cells
Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In aids, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.
Giant Cell Arteritis (many contain a large number of nuclei). Characteristically, the nuclei of both stromal and
giant cells
Giant cells
Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In aids, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.
Giant Cell Arteritis are very similar.