Yaws, bejel, and pinta are endemic, nonvenereal treponematoses. The causative organisms are Treponema Treponema Treponema is a gram-negative, microaerophilic spirochete. Owing to its very thin structure, it is not easily seen on Gram stain, but can be visualized using dark-field microscopy. This spirochete contains endoflagella, which allow for a characteristic corkscrew movement. Treponema pallidum pertenue (yaws), T. pallidum endemicum T. pallidum endemicum Treponema (bejel), and T. carateum T. carateum Treponema (pinta). These treponematoses are generally transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact with infected skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions lesions. Yaws and bejel affect Affect The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves. Psychiatric Assessment skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions and bones, resulting in cutaneous plaques and nodules and destructive bone lesions Bone Lesions Multiple Myeloma. Pinta involves only the skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions. Diagnosis is made with a combination of serology Serology The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. Yellow Fever Virus, clinical features, demographics, and geographic distribution. Management includes intramuscular benzathine penicillin G Penicillin G A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated synaptic transmission. Penicillins or oral azithromycin Azithromycin A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Macrolides and Ketolides.
Last updated: 20 May, 2021
Yaws (most common):
Bejel:
Pinta:
Humans are the only reservoir Reservoir Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (disease vectors) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks. Humans may serve both as disease reservoirs and carriers. Escherichia coli.
Pathogenesis of
Treponema
Treponema
Treponema is a gram-negative, microaerophilic spirochete. Owing to its very thin structure, it is not easily seen on Gram stain, but can be visualized using dark-field microscopy. This spirochete contains endoflagella, which allow for a characteristic corkscrew movement.
Treponema
infections
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease:
The pathogen adheres to the
skin
Skin
The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue.
Skin: Structure and Functions or mucosal membranes, leading to the production of
hyaluronidase
Hyaluronidase
Bacteroides, which allows for tissue invasion. The pathogen coats itself in the host’s
fibronectin
Fibronectin
Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.
Connective Tissue: Histology, which prevents its
phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (phagocytes).
Innate Immunity: Phagocytes and Antigen Presentation and recognition by the
immune system
Immune system
The body’s defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.
Primary Lymphatic Organs. Consequently, the pathogen disseminates through the bloodstream. A host immune response ultimately occurs, which causes disease manifestations.
Primary phase:
Secondary phase:
Tertiary phase:
Cutaneous lesions of primary yaws:
A: typical ulcer of primary yaws
B:
papilloma
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells.
Cowden Syndrome of primary yaws
Skin
Skin
The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue.
Skin: Structure and Functions lesions of secondary yaws:
A: crusted
maculopapular
Maculopapular
Dermatologic Examination lesion of secondary yaws
B: multiple ulcers of secondary yaws
Cutaneous manifestation of yaws:
Juxta-articular
skin
Skin
The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue.
Skin: Structure and Functions lesions and nodules on the elbow resulting from a
Treponema
Treponema
Treponema is a gram-negative, microaerophilic spirochete. Owing to its very thin structure, it is not easily seen on Gram stain, but can be visualized using dark-field microscopy. This spirochete contains endoflagella, which allow for a characteristic corkscrew movement.
Treponema pallidum pertenue infection
Primary phase:
Secondary stage:
Tertiary phase:
Mucocutaneous lesions of bejel
A: an oral lesion of primary bejel resulting from
Treponema
Treponema
Treponema is a gram-negative, microaerophilic spirochete. Owing to its very thin structure, it is not easily seen on Gram stain, but can be visualized using dark-field microscopy. This spirochete contains endoflagella, which allow for a characteristic corkscrew movement.
Treponema pallidum endemicum infection
B: chronic
skin
Skin
The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue.
Skin: Structure and Functions lesion of secondary bejel
Gummatous lesions in late-stage bejel ( Treponema Treponema Treponema is a gram-negative, microaerophilic spirochete. Owing to its very thin structure, it is not easily seen on Gram stain, but can be visualized using dark-field microscopy. This spirochete contains endoflagella, which allow for a characteristic corkscrew movement. Treponema pallidum endemicum infection)
Image: “Infiltration of skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions due to endemic syphilis Syphilis Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum pallidum (T. p. pallidum), which is usually spread through sexual contact. Syphilis has 4 clinical stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. Syphilis” by Alireza Abdolrasouli, Adam Croucher, Yahya Hemmati, and David Mabey. License: Public DomainPrimary phase:
Secondary phase: pintids
Tertiary or late phase Late Phase Sepsis in Children:
Cutaneous lesions of pinta (
Treponema carateum
Treponema carateum
Treponema infection)
A: erythematous
plaque
Plaque
Primary Skin Lesions of early pinta
B:
skin
Skin
The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue.
Skin: Structure and Functions discoloration of late pinta
Because these treponemal species are morphologically indistinguishable, the diagnosis is based on the combination of demographics, geographic region, clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor, and laboratory findings.
Serology Serology The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. Yellow Fever Virus:
Direct methods:
Treatment is the same for all of these infections Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Options include: