Burkholderia species are gram-negative bacilli Bacilli Shigella with 2 clinically relevant pathogens: B. pseudomallei (causing melioidosis) and B. cepacia complex (causing opportunistic infections Opportunistic infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. Autosomal Dominant Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome). Melioidosis is commonly seen in Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries and Australia. Infection is transmitted by contact with contaminated soil or water (via skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions wounds). The disease affects multiple systems, and can present with pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy. Pneumonia, encephalomyelitis, and skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions abscesses. Diagnosis is by culture of specimen (depending on the organ involved). Treatment requires an initial intensive antibiotic therapy followed by prolonged eradication therapy. Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) generally affects immunocompromised immunocompromised A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. Gastroenteritis individuals such as those with cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene CFTR. The mutations lead to dysfunction of chloride channels, which results in hyperviscous mucus and the accumulation of secretions. Common presentations include chronic respiratory infections, failure to thrive, and pancreatic insufficiency. Cystic Fibrosis (CF). It can be transmitted from person to person or through contaminated devices. While BCC is a rare infection, it is important to diagnose, as BCC is multi-drug resistant and infection is a relative contraindication to lung transplantation Lung transplantation The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. Organ Transplantation.
Last updated: 7 Apr, 2022
Gram-negative bacteria
gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by gram’s method.
Bacteriology:
Most
bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Some of these organisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases.
Bacteriology can be classified according to a lab procedure called
Gram staining
Gram staining
Bacteriology.
Bacteria with cell walls that have a thin layer of
peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
Penicillins do not retain the crystal violet stain utilized in
Gram staining
Gram staining
Bacteriology. These
bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Some of these organisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases.
Bacteriology do, however, retain the safranin counterstain and thus appear as pinkish-red on the stain, making them
gram negative
Gram negative
Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by gram’s method.
Yersinia spp./Yersiniosis. These
bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Some of these organisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases.
Bacteriology can be further classified according to morphology (diplococci, curved rods,
bacilli
Bacilli
Shigella, and coccobacilli) and their ability to grow in the presence of oxygen (aerobic versus anaerobic). The
bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Some of these organisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases.
Bacteriology can be more narrowly identified by growing them on specific media (triple sugar
iron
Iron
A metallic element with atomic symbol fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55. 85. It is an essential constituent of hemoglobins; cytochromes; and iron-binding proteins. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of oxygen.
Trace Elements (
TSI
TSI
Shigella) agar) where their
enzymes
Enzymes
Enzymes are complex protein biocatalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed by them. Due to the body’s constant metabolic needs, the absence of enzymes would make life unsustainable, as reactions would occur too slowly without these molecules.
Basics of Enzymes can be identified (
urease
Urease
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Nocardia/Nocardiosis,
oxidase
Oxidase
Neisseria) and their ability to ferment lactose can be tested.
* Stains poorly on
Gram stain
Gram stain
Klebsiella
**
Pleomorphic
Pleomorphic
Bacteroides rod/coccobacillus
*** Require special transport media
Burkholderia:
Clinically significant species:
Burkholderia pseudomallei colonies on a blood agar Blood agar Nocardia/Nocardiosis plate
Image: “Burkholderia pseudomallei 01” by CDC. License: Public DomainTransmission:
Host risk factors include:
Symptoms can present in various systems:
Diagnostic tests Diagnostic tests Diagnostic tests are important aspects in making a diagnosis. Some of the most important epidemiological values of diagnostic tests include sensitivity and specificity, false positives and false negatives, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios, and pre-test and post-test probabilities. Epidemiological Values of Diagnostic Tests:
Additional tests:
Resistant to:
Initial regimen(s) depends on severity of illness and system(s) affected:
Eradication treatment:
Prevention:
BCC:
Epidemiology:
Transmission:
Medical devices that can be contaminated and produce infection:
Host risk factors:
Most infected people have no symptoms. Those with symptoms can have:
B. cepacia complex infection:
Chest X-ray
Chest X-ray
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
Pulmonary Function Tests of a patient showing right-sided
pneumonia
Pneumonia
Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria, viruses, or fungi. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy.
Pneumonia. Tracheal aspirate and blood
cultures
Cultures
Klebsiella grew B. cepacia.