Population Pyramids

Overview

Definitions

• Population pyramid: 
  • Age-gender pyramid
  • A graphical illustration showing the age-sex distribution of a population
• Birth rate (or crude birth rate): number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year
• Fertility rate: births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (aged 15–44) in a given year
• Death or mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rate (or crude death rate Crude death rate Calculated as the ratio of the total number of people who die due to all causes over a specific time period to the total number of people in the selected population. Measures of Health Status): number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year
• Life expectancy: average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status trends were to continue for the rest of that person’s life

Structure

• Uses 2 juxtaposed histograms (generally 1 for each gender Gender Gender Dysphoria), turned sideways:
  •  Vertical (y-axis):
    • Age of the population
    • Age groups displayed in the central axis
    • Males: left of the vertical axis 
    • Females: right of the vertical axis 
  • Horizontal axis (x-axis): percentage or size of the population
• Illustrates a series of stacked bars, with each bar representing the population and the age group
  • Youngest age group: represented by the bottom bar
  • Oldest age group: uppermost bar

Uses of the Population Pyramid

Population trends

• Long-term trends of fertility and mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rates:
  • Fertility rate:
    • Important influence on the shape of the pyramid
    • Represented by the width or base of the pyramid
    • More children = broader base
  • Death rate: slope of the pyramid 
  • Life expectancy: height of the pyramid
• Short-term trends and significant events: 
  • Kinks or indents in the pyramid: indicate decline in birth rates or increase in death rates (e.g., wars, famine, disease)
  • Bulges in the pyramid: indicate increase in birth rates (e.g., baby booms)
• Information about sex Sex The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, phenotype, and genotype, differentiating the male from the female organism. Gender Dysphoria ratio of a population and effects of migration
• Data on future growth of the population: 
  • Median age of the population: lower median age, higher population growth

Future needs

• Forecasts social and economic needs for national planning based on the distribution of the population’s age groups: 
  • Working-age population (15–64 years) 
  • Dependents: 
    • Children and young adolescents (under 15 years old)
    • Elderly population (65 years and older)
• Dependency ratio: 
  • Ratio between dependents and the working group
  • Higher ratio: more dependents
  • Youth dependency ratio:
    • Ratio between youth < 15 years of age and the working-age group
    • High youth dependency ratio: plan for housing, education, schools
  • Old-age dependency ratio:
    • Ratio between those > 65 years of age and the working-age group
    • High old-age dependency ratio: plan for health care, pension, nursing homes

Types of Population Pyramids

Stationary pyramid

• Overall shape is a rectangle, tapering at the top.
• Describes a population with:
  • Low fertility rate
  • Low mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rate
  • High life expectancy
  • Almost equal percentages in the age groups 
• Indicates slow growth of the population
• Seen in developed countries

Expansive pyramid

• Overall shape is an upright pyramid, with a broad base. 
• Describes a population with:
  • High fertility rate 
  • High mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rate
  • Low life expectancy
• Each age group is smaller than the age group before it.
• Indicates fast growth of the population, with small share of older people
• Seen in developing countries

Constrictive pyramid

• Overall shape is an inverted pyramid, with a narrow base. 
• Describes a population with:
  • Low fertility rate 
  • Low mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rate
  • High life expectancy
• Narrowing at the bottom of the graph indicates that the population is shrinking.
• Large share of the population is aging.
• Seen in wealthy, industrialized, developed countries (high literacy, good access to birth control and healthcare)

Stages of Population Pyramids

Demographic transition model

• Shows the population growth trend as it develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
• Pattern associated with: 
  • A drop in mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rates
  • An increase in population growth 
  • A fall in birth rates as the country becomes more developed

Sequence of stages

Stage 1 Stage 1 Trypanosoma brucei/African trypanosomiasis: high stationary

• Increased birth rate 
• Increased mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rate, even in younger age groups
• No population growth

Stage 2: early expanding

• Triangular shape
• Increased birth rate
• Decreasing mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rate 
• Improving life expectancy
• Increased rate of population growth affected by:
  • Improved healthcare and sanitation Sanitation The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. Hepatitis E Virus
  • Better education

Stage 3: late expanding

• Dome-shaped pyramid
• Decreasing birth rate and mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rate
• Increasing life expectancy
• Population still increases but growth rate declines. 
• Affected by: 
  • Family planning
  • Women’s empowerment
  • Technological and economic changes
  • Changing norms (desire for material possessions, fewer children)

Stage 4: low stationary

• Barrel-shaped pyramid
• Low birth and low mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rates
• Rapid growth ends.
• Juvenile population almost equals the older population.
• Seen in most developed countries

Stage 5:

• This stage is yet to be seen in many nations.
• Low birth and mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status rates
• If the fertility rate of < 2 children per woman persists → population size will decrease.
• Noted in some countries (e.g., Japan, Germany): 
  • Contracting population
  • Death rate has already exceeded the birth rate.
  • Older population: increasing more than the juvenile population