Cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer, or invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), is the 3rd most common cancer in women in the world, with > 50% of the cases being fatal. In the United States, ICC is the 13th most common cancer and the cause of < 3% of all cancer deaths due to the slow progression of precursor lesions and, more importantly, effective cancer screening. Cervical Cancer is the 3rd most common gynecologic cancer. More than 90% of cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer, or invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), is the 3rd most common cancer in women in the world, with > 50% of the cases being fatal. In the United States, ICC is the 13th most common cancer and the cause of < 3% of all cancer deaths due to the slow progression of precursor lesions and, more importantly, effective cancer screening. Cervical Cancer cases are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Papillomaviridae family. Humans are the only reservoir, and transmission occurs through close skin-to-skin or sexual contact. Human papillomaviruses infect basal epithelial cells and can affect cell-regulatory proteins to result in cell proliferation. Papillomavirus (HPV) (hrHPV), which is transmitted by sexual contact. Cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer, or invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), is the 3rd most common cancer in women in the world, with > 50% of the cases being fatal. In the United States, ICC is the 13th most common cancer and the cause of < 3% of all cancer deaths due to the slow progression of precursor lesions and, more importantly, effective cancer screening. Cervical Cancer can be prevented by early detection and treatment of precancerous Precancerous Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant. Barrett’s Esophagus lesions caused by hrHPV. The methods of detection are cervical cytology and HPV HPV Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Papillomaviridae family. Humans are the only reservoir, and transmission occurs through close skin-to-skin or sexual contact. Human papillomaviruses infect basal epithelial cells and can affect cell-regulatory proteins to result in cell proliferation. Papillomavirus (HPV) testing. Screening Screening Preoperative Care is recommended by the age of 21 and is generally repeated every 3 years up to the age of 29 in an average-risk individual. By age 30, HPV HPV Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Papillomaviridae family. Humans are the only reservoir, and transmission occurs through close skin-to-skin or sexual contact. Human papillomaviruses infect basal epithelial cells and can affect cell-regulatory proteins to result in cell proliferation. Papillomavirus (HPV) testing with cytology is obtained. Since the screening Screening Preoperative Care program was initiated, there has been a 75% decline in the incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency of and mortality Mortality All deaths reported in a given population. Measures of Health Status from cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer, or invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), is the 3rd most common cancer in women in the world, with > 50% of the cases being fatal. In the United States, ICC is the 13th most common cancer and the cause of < 3% of all cancer deaths due to the slow progression of precursor lesions and, more importantly, effective cancer screening. Cervical Cancer.
Last updated: 31 Mar, 2022
Screening Screening Preoperative Care strategies can be done independently or concurrently (co-testing).
Slide image from a Pap smear for cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer, or invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), is the 3rd most common cancer in women in the world, with > 50% of the cases being fatal. In the United States, ICC is the 13th most common cancer and the cause of < 3% of all cancer deaths due to the slow progression of precursor lesions and, more importantly, effective cancer screening. Cervical Cancer screening Screening Preoperative Care: Normal squamous cells are on the left; HPV-infected cells with mild dysplasia Dysplasia Cellular Adaptation are on the right.
Image: “ThinPrep Pap smear HPV HPV Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Papillomaviridae family. Humans are the only reservoir, and transmission occurs through close skin-to-skin or sexual contact. Human papillomaviruses infect basal epithelial cells and can affect cell-regulatory proteins to result in cell proliferation. Papillomavirus (HPV)” by Ed Uthman. License: Public DomainPap test:
A speculum is inserted into the
vagina
Vagina
The vagina is the female genital canal, extending from the vulva externally to the cervix uteri internally. The structures have sexual, reproductive, and urinary functions and a rich blood supply, mainly arising from the internal iliac artery.
Vagina, Vulva, and Pelvic Floor: Anatomy to widen it. Then, a brush is inserted into the
vagina
Vagina
The vagina is the female genital canal, extending from the vulva externally to the cervix uteri internally. The structures have sexual, reproductive, and urinary functions and a rich blood supply, mainly arising from the internal iliac artery.
Vagina, Vulva, and Pelvic Floor: Anatomy to collect cells from the
cervix
Cervix
The uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes are part of the internal female reproductive system. The most inferior portion of the uterus is the cervix, which connects the uterine cavity to the vagina. Externally, the cervix is lined by stratified squamous cells; however, the cervical canal is lined by columnar epithelium.
Uterus, Cervix, and Fallopian Tubes: Anatomy. The cells are checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
The following recommendations are for average-risk individuals.
Certain conditions have a high risk for cervical cancer Cervical cancer Cervical cancer, or invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), is the 3rd most common cancer in women in the world, with > 50% of the cases being fatal. In the United States, ICC is the 13th most common cancer and the cause of < 3% of all cancer deaths due to the slow progression of precursor lesions and, more importantly, effective cancer screening. Cervical Cancer, so screening Screening Preoperative Care must be individualized and more frequent:
A standardized reporting of results, which includes the specimen adequacy, general categorization Categorization Types of Variables of findings, and results:
Pap smear showing
bacterial vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.
Vulvovaginitis with many clue cells
Clue cells are vaginal epithelial cells studded with adherent coccobacilli that are best appreciated at the edge of the cells. The
bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Some of these organisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases.
Bacteriology are stained blue-purple by the Pap stain (arrows).
Examples of squamous cell findings during
cervical cancer
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer, or invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), is the 3rd most common cancer in women in the world, with > 50% of the cases being fatal. In the United States, ICC is the 13th most common cancer and the cause of < 3% of all cancer deaths due to the slow progression of precursor lesions and, more importantly, effective cancer screening.
Cervical Cancer
screening
Screening
Preoperative Care:
a. normal cell
b. ASC-US
c. LSIL
d. HSIL
AGCUS favoring a neoplastic process, Pap stain
Cervical cytology showing atypical glandular cells (red arrows), favoring a neoplastic process. The blue arrow points to a
benign
Benign
Fibroadenoma squamous epithelial cell, and the green arrow points to 2
benign
Benign
Fibroadenoma endocervical cells.
Cervical cytology showing adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix Cervix The uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes are part of the internal female reproductive system. The most inferior portion of the uterus is the cervix, which connects the uterine cavity to the vagina. Externally, the cervix is lined by stratified squamous cells; however, the cervical canal is lined by columnar epithelium. Uterus, Cervix, and Fallopian Tubes: Anatomy: Note the benign Benign Fibroadenoma squamous epithelial cell in the top left.
Image: “Adenocarcinoma in Situ of the Cervix Cervix The uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes are part of the internal female reproductive system. The most inferior portion of the uterus is the cervix, which connects the uterine cavity to the vagina. Externally, the cervix is lined by stratified squamous cells; however, the cervical canal is lined by columnar epithelium. Uterus, Cervix, and Fallopian Tubes: Anatomy” by Ed Uthman. License: CC BY 2.0Note: Colposcopy is a procedure in which a colposcope Colposcope Instruments inserted into the vagina for examination of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by means of a magnifying lens. Diagnostic Procedures in Gynecology ( magnifying device magnifying device Instruments inserted into the vagina for examination of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by means of a magnifying lens. Diagnostic Procedures in Gynecology) is used to enhance visualization of the cervix Cervix The uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes are part of the internal female reproductive system. The most inferior portion of the uterus is the cervix, which connects the uterine cavity to the vagina. Externally, the cervix is lined by stratified squamous cells; however, the cervical canal is lined by columnar epithelium. Uterus, Cervix, and Fallopian Tubes: Anatomy, identify macroscopic abnormal areas, and guide biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma.