Compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency Surgical Emergency Acute Abdomen usually occurring secondary to trauma. The condition is marked by increased pressure within a compartment that compromises the circulation Circulation The movement of the blood as it is pumped through the cardiovascular system. ABCDE Assessment and function of the tissues within that space. Long bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types fractures are the most common cause, with the leg Leg The lower leg, or just "leg" in anatomical terms, is the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle joint. The bony structure is composed of the tibia and fibula bones, and the muscles of the leg are grouped into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by extensions of fascia. Leg: Anatomy and forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term "forearm" is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm: Anatomy compartments frequently affected. Patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship present with pain Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by nerve endings of nociceptive neurons. Pain: Types and Pathways out of proportion to the injury and may also have pallor, pulselessness Pulselessness Cardiac Arrest, paresthesia, poikilothermia Poikilothermia Cold to the touch. Acute Limb Ischemia, and paralysis (the 6 Ps PS Invasive Mechanical Ventilation of compartment syndrome). Diagnosis is clinical but compartment pressure measurement can be used. Management is an emergency fasciotomy. Failure to diagnose and manage the condition results in limb loss.
Last updated: 12 Feb, 2021
Compartment syndrome is a condition that occurs when increased pressure in a closed muscle compartment exceeds the pressure to perfuse the compartment, resulting in muscle and nerve ischemia Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the blood through an organ or tissue caused by a pathologic constriction or obstruction of its blood vessels, or an absence of blood circulation. Ischemic Cell Damage.
The 6 Ps PS Invasive Mechanical Ventilation of compartment syndrome:
Leg Leg The lower leg, or just “leg” in anatomical terms, is the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle joint. The bony structure is composed of the tibia and fibula bones, and the muscles of the leg are grouped into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by extensions of fascia. Leg: Anatomy compartments: anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior compartments
Image by Lecturio.
Leg
Leg
The lower leg, or just “leg” in anatomical terms, is the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle joint. The bony structure is composed of the tibia and fibula bones, and the muscles of the leg are grouped into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by extensions of fascia.
Leg: Anatomy compartments:
Left image: left
leg
Leg
The lower leg, or just “leg” in anatomical terms, is the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle joint. The bony structure is composed of the tibia and fibula bones, and the muscles of the leg are grouped into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by extensions of fascia.
Leg: Anatomy showing locations of the compartments
Right image: larger view of the compartments
Forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term “forearm” is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm: Anatomy compartments: The anterior or volar compartment (contains flexor muscles) has superficial and deep components. The posterior compartment contains extensor muscles. The lateral part contains the mobile wad ( brachioradialis Brachioradialis Forearm: Anatomy, extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis brevis Forearm: Anatomy, and extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Forearm: Anatomy).
Image by Lecturio.Acute compartment syndrome of the
forearm
Forearm
The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term “forearm” is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles.
Forearm: Anatomy: Compartment syndrome occurred on the
forearm
Forearm
The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term “forearm” is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles.
Forearm: Anatomy of this patient secondary to intravenous (IV) infiltration with pressure from the patient
identification
Identification
Defense Mechanisms (ID) bracelet.
*
IV line
Iv Line
Central Venous Catheter site
** ID bracelet site
Pressure monitor
A stryker pressure monitor being used for direct compartment pressure measurement of the
leg
Leg
The lower leg, or just “leg” in anatomical terms, is the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle joint. The bony structure is composed of the tibia and fibula bones, and the muscles of the leg are grouped into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by extensions of fascia.
Leg: Anatomy
Compartment syndrome management
Compartment syndrome occurs when the pressure within the muscle compartment increases to a level that compromises the
circulation
Circulation
The movement of the blood as it is pumped through the cardiovascular system.
ABCDE Assessment and function of the tissues. Fasciotomy is performed to decompress the involved compartments. In this image, a long incision is made in the
fascia
Fascia
Layers of connective tissue of variable thickness. The superficial fascia is found immediately below the skin; the deep fascia invests muscles, nerves, and other organs.
Cellulitis of both compartments of the lower
leg
Leg
The lower leg, or just “leg” in anatomical terms, is the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle joint. The bony structure is composed of the tibia and fibula bones, and the muscles of the leg are grouped into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments by extensions of fascia.
Leg: Anatomy to
release
Release
Release of a virus from the host cell following virus assembly and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, exocytosis, or budding through the plasma membrane.
Virology the pressure.