Imaging of the brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem. Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification is most commonly used for evaluating trauma, stroke, and benign Benign Fibroadenoma or malignant tumors. Before the advent of CT and MRI, X-ray X-ray Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard x-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength x-rays. Soft x-rays or grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the x-ray spectrum overlaps the gamma rays wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and x-rays is based on their radiation source. Pulmonary Function Tests scanning was widely used to study the skull Skull The skull (cranium) is the skeletal structure of the head supporting the face and forming a protective cavity for the brain. The skull consists of 22 bones divided into the viscerocranium (facial skeleton) and the neurocranium. Skull: Anatomy and spinal bones. Today, CT and MRI, especially the latter, are the preferred imaging methods for the study of the cranial vault Cranial Vault Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) and its contents. In conditions where emergent management is decided on the basis of presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor and imaging, CT has the advantage of rapid scan time and wider availability. CT also has good sensitivity Sensitivity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Blotting Techniques and specificity Specificity Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. Immunoassays and relatively lower cost. MRI though, provides better parenchymal characterization especially in cases where initial findings are negative on CT (such as in acute ischemia Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the blood through an organ or tissue caused by a pathologic constriction or obstruction of its blood vessels, or an absence of blood circulation. Ischemic Cell Damage).
Last updated: 6 May, 2022
CT image viewing planes:
The slices through this model demonstrate how
axial
Axial
Computed Tomography (CT),
coronal
Coronal
Computed Tomography (CT), and
sagittal
Sagittal
Computed Tomography (CT) images correlate with the patient’s anatomy.
Axial Axial Computed Tomography (CT) cut of a normal CT of the head with equal emphasis on the 3 levels of the cranial vault Cranial Vault Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Image by Hetal Verma, MD. License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0Sagittal Sagittal Computed Tomography (CT) cut of a normal T1 MRI of the head (note the increased signal of medullary bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types, which contains fat)
Image by Hetal Verma. License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0Axial Axial Computed Tomography (CT) cut of a normal T2 MRI of the head (note that the white matter White Matter The region of central nervous system that appears lighter in color than the other type, gray matter. It mainly consists of myelinated nerve fibers and contains few neuronal cell bodies or dendrites. Brown-Séquard Syndrome appears to have a lower signal than the cortical gray matter Gray matter Region of central nervous system that appears darker in color than the other type, white matter. It is composed of neuronal cell bodies; neuropil; glial cells and capillaries but few myelinated nerve fibers. Cerebral Cortex: Anatomy)
Image by Hetal Verma. License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0Tissue | T1-weighted images | T2-weighted images |
---|---|---|
Fluid (e.g., CSF) | Dark | Bright |
White matter White Matter The region of central nervous system that appears lighter in color than the other type, gray matter. It mainly consists of myelinated nerve fibers and contains few neuronal cell bodies or dendrites. Brown-Séquard Syndrome | Light gray | Dark gray |
Gray matter Gray matter Region of central nervous system that appears darker in color than the other type, white matter. It is composed of neuronal cell bodies; neuropil; glial cells and capillaries but few myelinated nerve fibers. Cerebral Cortex: Anatomy | Gray | Light gray |
Fat | Bright | Bright |
Inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is a complex set of responses to infection and injury involving leukocytes as the principal cellular mediators in the body’s defense against pathogenic organisms. Inflammation is also seen as a response to tissue injury in the process of wound healing. The 5 cardinal signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation | Dark | Bright |
Brain
Brain
The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem.
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification MRI in
neurocysticercosis
Neurocysticercosis
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus taenia (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. Seizures represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur.
Taenia/Taeniasis:
Left:
Axial
Axial
Computed Tomography (CT) T2-weighted
fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (
FLAIR
FLAIR
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)) sequence MRI shows an alteration in left
frontal
Frontal
The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face.
Skull: Anatomy–
parietal
Parietal
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the frontal bone and occipital bone, which together form the sides of the cranium.
Skull: Anatomy cortex attributed to vasogenic
edema
Edema
Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity).
Edema.
Right:
Coronal
Coronal
Computed Tomography (CT) T1-weighted postcontrast MRI shows a small
ring-enhancing lesion
Ring-enhancing lesion
Paracoccidioides/Paracoccidioidomycosis in left
frontal
Frontal
The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face.
Skull: Anatomy cortex.
Brain MRI (axial diffusion-weighted imaging):
Brain
Brain
The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem.
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification MRI:
Large posterior fossa
tumor
Tumor
Inflammation is seen on the left side with
mass
Mass
Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast
Imaging of the Breast effect and obstructive
hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
Brain
Brain
The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem.
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification MRI:
Sagittal
Sagittal
Computed Tomography (CT) view of cerebellar tonsil
herniation
Herniation
Omphalocele (Chiari malformation I)
Axial
Axial
Computed Tomography (CT) cut of CT of the head in a patient with a
meningioma
Meningioma
Meningiomas are slow-growing tumors that arise from the meninges of the brain and spinal cord. The vast majority are benign. These tumors commonly occur in individuals with a history of high doses of skull radiation, head trauma, and neurofibromatosis 2.
Meningioma:
Note the hyperdense lesion toward the periphery of the
brain
Brain
The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem.
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification.
Glioblastoma multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme is a high-grade astrocytoma, an aggressive brain tumor arising from astrocytes, with an unknown cause and a poorly understood link to risk factors. There are two main types: primary, a more aggressive form seen more commonly in older patients, and secondary, developing from lower-grade astrocytomas and seen more commonly in younger patients.
Glioblastoma Multiforme:
Axial
Axial
Computed Tomography (CT) T1-weighted contrast MRI showing a ring-enhanced, heterogeneous lesion on the left
temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the occipital lobe.
Cerebral Cortex: Anatomy
Stroke is a medical emergency caused by interruption or reduction of blood supply to the brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem. Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification. Neuroimaging Neuroimaging Non-invasive methods of visualizing the central nervous system, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities. Febrile Infant is obtained on all patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship in whom stroke is suspected to determine etiology, magnitude of damage, and management.
Types of stroke:
Acute stroke evaluation:
Axial
Axial
Computed Tomography (CT) cut of a CT scan of a patient with acute
ischemic stroke
Ischemic Stroke
An ischemic stroke (also known as cerebrovascular accident) is an acute neurologic injury that occurs as a result of brain ischemia; this condition may be due to cerebral blood vessel occlusion by thrombosis or embolism, or rarely due to systemic hypoperfusion.
Ischemic Stroke done at the time of admission:
Note the lack of discernible changes.
Different
brain
Brain
The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem.
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification imaging methods (from left to right):
Non-contrast-enhanced CT (NCCT) at 24 hours shows low attenuation within the head of the left
caudate nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.
Basal Ganglia: Anatomy, anterior limb of the left internal
capsule
Capsule
An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.
Bacteroides, and lentiform
nucleus
Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (cell nucleolus). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. A cell may contain more than one nucleus.
The Cell: Organelles, as well as patchy low attenuation in the
white matter
White Matter
The region of central nervous system that appears lighter in color than the other type, gray matter. It mainly consists of myelinated nerve fibers and contains few neuronal cell bodies or dendrites.
Brown-Séquard Syndrome in the corona radiata and
temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the occipital lobe.
Cerebral Cortex: Anatomy, consistent with the known left
middle cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the cerebral cortex. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.
Cerebrovascular System: Anatomy (MCA)
infarct
Infarct
Area of necrotic cells in an organ, arising mainly from hypoxia and ischemia
Ischemic Cell Damage. No evidence of hemorrhagic
transformation
Transformation
Change brought about to an organism’s genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (transfection; transduction, genetic; conjugation, genetic, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell’s genome.
Bacteriology of areas of parenchymal abnormality are seen.
Diffusion
Diffusion
The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially facilitated diffusion, is a major mechanism of biological transport.
Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis-weighted imaging MRI shows patchy infarcts in left MCA territory.
T2-
fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (
FLAIR
FLAIR
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)) also confirms the presence of patchy infarcts in the left hemisphere. Patient underwent thrombolysis. Cerebral vascular structures were studied.
24-hour
CTA
CTA
A non-invasive method that uses a ct scanner for capturing images of blood vessels and tissues. A contrast material is injected, which helps produce detailed images that aid in diagnosing vascular diseases.
Pulmonary Function Tests shows poor
flow
Flow
Blood flows through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins in a closed, continuous circuit. Flow is the movement of volume per unit of time. Flow is affected by the pressure gradient and the resistance fluid encounters between 2 points. Vascular resistance is the opposition to flow, which is caused primarily by blood friction against vessel walls.
Vascular Resistance, Flow, and Mean Arterial Pressure into the branches, suggestive of
stenosis
Stenosis
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) at the bifurcation despite recanalization.
MRA
MRA
Imaging of the Heart and Great Vessels shows that some poor
flow
Flow
Blood flows through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins in a closed, continuous circuit. Flow is the movement of volume per unit of time. Flow is affected by the pressure gradient and the resistance fluid encounters between 2 points. Vascular resistance is the opposition to flow, which is caused primarily by blood friction against vessel walls.
Vascular Resistance, Flow, and Mean Arterial Pressure into the branches remains, with the suggestion of
stenosis
Stenosis
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) at the bifurcation.
Diagram of the layers of tissue between the skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions and the brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem. Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification
Image by Lecturio. License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0Types of intracranial hemorrhages:
Left: Different types of intracranial bleeding (epidural, subdural and intracerebral).
Right:
Aneurysm
Aneurysm
An aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area of a blood vessel that causes an abnormal widening of its diameter > 1.5 times the size of the native vessel. Aneurysms occur more often in arteries than in veins and are at risk of dissection and rupture, which can be life-threatening.
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms of the
circle of Willis
Circle of Willis
A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid, proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is an example of a possible cause of
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of cerebrovascular accident (stroke) resulting from intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. Most SAHs originate from a saccular aneurysm in the circle of Willis but may also occur as a result of trauma, uncontrolled hypertension, vasculitis, anticoagulant use, or stimulant use.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
Diagram showing the structural differences between epidural and subdural hematomas:
Epidural hematomas are located between the bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Bones: Structure and Types and the dura mater Dura mater The outermost of the three meninges, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord. Meninges: Anatomy. Subdural hematomas are located between the dura mater Dura mater The outermost of the three meninges, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord. Meninges: Anatomy and the arachnoid.
Image by Lecturio. License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Axial
Axial
Computed Tomography (CT) cut of a CT scan of a patient with an intracerebral and
intraventricular hemorrhage
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Bleeding within the cerebral ventricles. It is associated with intraventricular trauma, aneurysm, vascular malformations, hypertension and in very low birth weight infants.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage:
Note the hyperdensity embedded within the cerebral parenchyma (left
basal ganglia
Basal Ganglia
Basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclear agglomerations involved in movement, and are located deep to the cerebral hemispheres. Basal ganglia include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus.
Basal Ganglia: Anatomy) surrounded by
edema
Edema
Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity).
Edema (hypodense edges). The hyperdensity within the ventricles corresponds with
intraventricular hemorrhage
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Bleeding within the cerebral ventricles. It is associated with intraventricular trauma, aneurysm, vascular malformations, hypertension and in very low birth weight infants.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
Axial
Axial
Computed Tomography (CT) cut of a CT scan of a patient with
intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to a spontaneous or traumatic bleed into the brain parenchyma and is the 2nd-most common cause of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), commonly known as stroke, after ischemic CVAs.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage:
Note the hyperdensity (arrow) embedded within the cerebral parenchyma surrounded by
edema
Edema
Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity).
Edema (hypodense edges).
Brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem. Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification CT showing right large epidural hematoma Hematoma A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Intussusception ( lens Lens A transparent, biconvex structure of the eye, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the iris and in front of the vitreous humor (vitreous body). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the ciliary body is crucial for ocular accommodation. Eye: Anatomy-shaped density) with midline shift
Image: “ HbSC Disease HbSC disease A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin s. Sickle Cell Disease and Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma Hematoma A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Intussusception with Kernohan’s Notch Phenomena” by Yogarajah M, Agu CC, Sivasambu B, Mittler MA. License: CC BY 3.0CT scan demonstrating a frontotemporal subdural hematoma Hematoma A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue. Intussusception over the left hemisphere
Image: “Lactococcus garvieae endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis presenting with subdural haematoma” by Rasmussen M, Björk Werner J, Dolk M, Christensson B. License: CC BY 2.0CT scan showing widespread hyperdense subarachnoid hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of cerebrovascular accident (stroke) resulting from intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. Most SAHs originate from a saccular aneurysm in the circle of Willis but may also occur as a result of trauma, uncontrolled hypertension, vasculitis, anticoagulant use, or stimulant use. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage within the left frontal Frontal The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal bone and the cheek bone on each side of the face. Skull: Anatomy sulci and left Sylvian fissure Fissure A crack or split that extends into the dermis Generalized and Localized Rashes.
Image: “Cortical non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of cerebrovascular accident (stroke) resulting from intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. Most SAHs originate from a saccular aneurysm in the circle of Willis but may also occur as a result of trauma, uncontrolled hypertension, vasculitis, anticoagulant use, or stimulant use. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage post-carotid endarterectomy Endarterectomy Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. Intestinal Ischemia: a case report and literature review” by Thanabalasundaram G, Hernández-Durán S, Leslie-Mazwi T, Ogilvy CS. License: CC BY 2.0
Brain
Brain
The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem.
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification MRI after a fall:
A 63-year-old woman with a history of a fall 2 days ago. Initial
GCS
GCS
A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
Coma score was 15. She had a transient episode of loss of consciousness. CT scan was negative.
Only contrast-enhanced
fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (
FLAIR
FLAIR
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)) MRI (B) reveals abnormal finding—meningeal enhancement along falx. No demonstrable abnormality was found on nonenhanced
FLAIR
FLAIR
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (A), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (C), and gradient echo (GRE) (D) MRI.
Types of
brain
Brain
The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain); mesencephalon (the midbrain); and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of cerebrum; cerebellum; and other structures in the brain stem.
Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification
herniation
Herniation
Omphalocele:
A: External
B: Subfalcine
C: Transtentorial (central)
D: Uncal
E: Tonsillar
Subfalcine
herniation
Herniation
Omphalocele due to
hemorrhagic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., cerebral hemispheres; cerebellum; subarachnoid space).
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:
CT scan showing temporal intraparenchymal
hematoma
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the blood vessels. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
Intussusception with ventricular
flooding
Flooding
Psychotherapy and subfalcine
herniation
Herniation
Omphalocele