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The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
Benign Breast Conditions

Benign Breast Conditions

Benign Benign Fibroadenoma breast epithelial lesions are grouped histologically as nonproliferative, proliferative without atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change, and atypical hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation. The classifications are based on subsequent cancer risk in either breast. The nonproliferative type carries no risk, while fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma, the most common benign tumor Tumor Inflammation, is a proliferative breast lesion (i.e., has a slight increase in malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax risk). Because atypical hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation shares some features with breast carcinoma in situ Carcinoma in situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane. Leukoplakia, future cancer potential is increased. Management ranges from frequent monitoring to surgical excision, depending on certain factors, including the inherent risk of the pathologic diagnosis. Other breast disorders without malignant possibility are associated with underlying infection or systemic disease, so treatment differs. Benign Benign Fibroadenoma breast diseases are common but present diversely. It is important to distinguish between them to determine the likelihood of cancer and the best course of treatment.

Last updated: 25 Feb, 2021

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Contents

Nonproliferative Epithelial Breast Lesions

Definition

Nonproliferative breast lesions are conditions generally not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer.

Simple breast cyst

  • Round or oval fluid-filled masses from the terminal duct lobular unit
  • Epidemiology:
    • Prevalence Prevalence The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency: estimated to be 50%–90%
    • Up to â…“ of women aged 30–50 have breast cysts Cysts Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an epithelium. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues. Fibrocystic Change
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor:
    • Felt as a palpable mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast
    • Pain Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by nerve endings of nociceptive neurons. Pain: Types and Pathways noted with acute enlargement of cyst
  • Diagnosis:
  • Management:
    • No further intervention most of the time
    • Fine needle aspiration Fine Needle Aspiration Fibroadenoma
      • For signs of infection or inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is a complex set of responses to infection and injury involving leukocytes as the principal cellular mediators in the body’s defense against pathogenic organisms. Inflammation is also seen as a response to tissue injury in the process of wound healing. The 5 cardinal signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation 
      • Pain Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by nerve endings of nociceptive neurons. Pain: Types and Pathways from increased size

Mild hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation of the usual type

  • Pathology: 
    • Cells look very close to normal. 
    • An increase in the number of epithelial cells within a duct
    • Cell depth is more than 2 but not more than 4 cells.
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: found on biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma or surgical excision
  • Management: no treatment needed

Papillary apocrine change

  • Pathology: 
    • Proliferation of ductal epithelial cells with apocrine features
    • May be simple, complex, or highly complex lesions 
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: found on histological examination ( biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma or surgical excision)
Breast usg

Breast US shows a simple cyst (A) presenting as an anechoic Anechoic A structure that produces no echo at all (looks completely black) Ultrasound (Sonography) lesion with posterior enhancement and a cyst (B) with a septum (arrow). Breast US (C) in a 26-year-old woman with a painless palpable lump in her left breast shows a complex cyst Complex Cyst Imaging of the Breast with an eccentrically placed echogenic focus Focus Area of enhancement measuring < 5 mm in diameter Imaging of the Breast (arrow) representing the scolex Scolex Taenia/Taeniasis of a cysticercus granuloma. The patient also had a similar swelling Swelling Inflammation in the right upper arm Arm The arm, or “upper arm” in common usage, is the region of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the elbow joint and connects inferiorly to the forearm through the cubital fossa. It is divided into 2 fascial compartments (anterior and posterior). Arm: Anatomy, a US (D) of which revealed a cyst (arrow) with an echogenic scolex Scolex Taenia/Taeniasis (arrowhead), within.

Image: “Breast USG” by Advanced Radiology Centre, Mumbai, India. License: CC BY 2.0

Proliferative Epithelial Lesions without Atypia

Definition

In proliferative breast lesions without atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change, the development of breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer is 1.5–2 times the risk of the general population.

Intraductal papilloma Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. Cowden Syndrome

  • Benign Benign Fibroadenoma mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast with a papillary configuration of breast stroma and epithelium Epithelium The epithelium is a complex of specialized cellular organizations arranged into sheets and lining cavities and covering the surfaces of the body. The cells exhibit polarity, having an apical and a basal pole. Structures important for the epithelial integrity and function involve the basement membrane, the semipermeable sheet on which the cells rest, and interdigitations, as well as cellular junctions. Surface Epithelium: Histology within a breast duct
  • Epidemiology:
    • Peak incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency: 30–50 years of age
    • < 10% of benign breast lesions
    • High-risk precursor lesion with the following predisposing factors:
      • Contraceptive use
      • Hormone replacement therapy Hormone Replacement Therapy Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause and in combination to suppress ovulation. Risks and side effects include uterine bleeding, predisposition to cancer, breast tenderness, hyperpigmentation, migraine headaches, hypertension, bloating, and mood changes. Noncontraceptive Estrogen and Progestins
      • Family history Family History Adult Health Maintenance of breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: depends on the size and location
    • Central type:
      • Frequently a solitary mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast, close to or behind the nipple Nipple The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. Examination of the Breast within principal lactiferous ducts Lactiferous ducts Breasts: Anatomy
      • Usually large enough to be palpated
      • Unilateral serous or bloody nipple Nipple The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. Examination of the Breast discharge: a common presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor
      • Mostly benign
    • Peripheral type: (10% of cases)
      • Often appears as multiple papillomas and affects younger premenopausal women 
      • Found on the outer areas of the breast (growth in terminal ducts)
      • Usually non-palpable and less likely to have discharge
      • Appears as mammographic calcifications
      • Increased risk for breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer
  • Diagnosis:
    • Mammography Mammography Radiographic examination of the breast. Breast Cancer Screening: 
      • Can be occult
      • When seen, oval/round mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast; margins can be ill-defined
      • May have calcifications
    • Core needle biopsy Core Needle Biopsy Fibrocystic Change (CNB) (guided by ductogram or US):
      • Preferred over fine needle biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma (risk of inadequate tissue sample)
      • Shows papillary cells with a central branching fibrovascular core
  • Management: 
    • Surgical excision/ lumpectomy Lumpectomy Fat Necrosis of the Breast with complete removal: due to risk of atypical ductal hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation or ductal carcinoma in situ Ductal carcinoma in situ Proliferation of cytologically malignant cells within the mammary ductal system, with no invasion of the surrounding stroma Breast Cancer ( DCIS DCIS Proliferation of cytologically malignant cells within the mammary ductal system, with no invasion of the surrounding stroma Breast Cancer)
    • Annual breast exam and mammogram
  • Multiple intra-ductal papilloma

    A: Multiple intraductal papillomas within the same dilated duct.

    B: A papilloma arising from the wall of the duct, nearly filling the lumen of the duct. A vascular stalk is seen.

    Image: “Multiple intra-ductal papilloma” by Adil Aljarrah, Breast Unit, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. License: CC BY 3.0
  • Breast mri with discharge
    A 53-year-old woman presenting with serous, bloody nipple discharge.

    Craniocaudal (a) and mediolateral oblique (b) mammographic images show the filling stops a few millimeters from the nipple of the cannulated duct; imaging finding is suggestive of papilloma.

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (T1-weighted 3D flash acquired in the axial plane) shows a mass intraductal enhancement in the retroareolar area (c) with round and sharp margins, indicative of a benign proliferation of the ductal epithelium (papilloma). Histology later confirmed the papilloma diagnosis.

    Image: “Galactography” by Department of Radiological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Umberto I Hospital, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy. License: CC BY 3.0
  • Histological appearance of idp

    Histological appearance of Intraductal papilloma (IDP) of the left breast in low-power field, ×40 (A). Two-cell pattern lined by luminal cuboidal cells and a distinct outer layer of myoepithelial cells under higher magnification, ×200 (B). Image: “Histological appearance of IDP” by Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 14 Pasterova, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. License: CC BY 2.0

  • Immunohistochemical stain breast condition

    Intraductal papillomas

    Image: “Immunohistochemical staining for TFPI TFPI Hemostasis-2 expression in breast tumors” by Department of Breast Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China. License: CC BY 2.0

Related videos

1:46
Intraductal Papilloma

Simple fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma

  • A benign solid breast mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast composed of fibrous Fibrous Fibrocystic Change and glandular tissue
  • Epidemiology:
    • Most common benign tumor Tumor Inflammation of the breast
    • Peak incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency: 15–35 years of age
    • For majority, no potential for cancer
    • Risk factors of subsequent cancer:
      • Proliferative histology
      • Complex mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast 
      • Family history Family History Adult Health Maintenance of breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor:
    • Small, well-defined, spherical, mobile mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast 
    • Rubbery or firm consistency Consistency Dermatologic Examination, non-tender
    • Size: usually ≤ 3 cm in diameter, solitary
    • Location: often in the upper outer quadrant
    • Mass size and tenderness influenced by estrogen Estrogen Compounds that interact with estrogen receptors in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of estradiol. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female sex characteristics. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds. Ovaries: Anatomy levels:
      • Increased size: pregnancy Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (embryos or fetuses) in utero before birth, beginning from fertilization to birth. Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Physiology, and Care, lactation Lactation The processes of milk secretion by the maternal mammary glands after parturition. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including estradiol; progesterone; prolactin; and oxytocin. Breastfeeding, pre- menstruation Menstruation The periodic shedding of the endometrium and associated menstrual bleeding in the menstrual cycle of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating progesterone, and occurs at the late luteal phase when luteolysis of the corpus luteum takes place. Menstrual Cycle, and oral contraceptives
      • Regresses after menopause Menopause Menopause is a physiologic process in women characterized by the permanent cessation of menstruation that occurs after the loss of ovarian activity. Menopause can only be diagnosed retrospectively, after 12 months without menstrual bleeding. Menopause
  • Diagnosis:
    • US: well-defined solid mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast, regular Regular Insulin boundaries, and a weak echo signal
    • Mammogram Mammogram Fibrocystic Change: 
      • Well-circumscribed oval mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast, may have lobulations
      • Popcorn-like calcifications in involuting fibroadenomas
    • Biopsy:
      • Indications: 
        • > 5 cm or increasing size
        • Irregular borders 
        • Considerable pain
      • Cytology: uniformly distributed epithelial cells (honeycomb or antler-like pattern)
      • Microscopy: stroma and epithelial cells either in pericanalicular or intracanalicular pattern
    • MRI: may have dark internal septations
  • Management:
    • Fibroadenoma with benign features: observation, breast exam, and annual mammogram
    • Cryoablation Cryoablation Fibroadenoma: an option for small but symptomatic fibroadenomas 
      • CNB done first to confirm diagnosis
      • Criteria:
        • For fibroadenomas < 4 cm in size, < 3 in number
        • No bleeding tendency and no local skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions infection 
    • Surgical excision for: 
      • Adolescent-onset fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma persisting through adulthood (risk of breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer increases)
      • Increase in size or with atypical features or symptoms
  • Intraductal fibroadenoma

    Microscopic examination of intraductal fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma or intraductal phyllodes tumour of the breast

    (A) Low power Power The probability that a test will correctly reject a false null hypothesis. Statistical Tests and Data Representation view showed that its polypoid parts were composed of leaf-like processes with a hypocellular and prominent myxoid stroma, protruding into cystic Cystic Fibrocystic Change spaces, reminiscent of intracanalicular type fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma or benign phyllodes tumour features (H&E stains). Bar = 200 μm.
    (B) In some areas, there were foci of typical intracanalicular variant of fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma, in which duct lumens were compressed by the proliferating myxoid stroma (H&E stains). Bar = 200 μm.
    (C) On high- power Power The probability that a test will correctly reject a false null hypothesis. Statistical Tests and Data Representation view, those stromal cells showed no significant atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change, but the covering hyperplastic Hyperplastic Colon Polyps epithelial components were also bland-looking in 2 cell layers. Mitotic figures were very rarely seen (H&E stains). Bar = 200 μm.
    (D) In others, tiny foci of benign intraductal papilloma Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. Cowden Syndrome with characteristic delicate fibrovascular stalks were rarely seen (H&E stains). Bar = 100 μm.

    Image: “Intraductal fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma” by Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan. License: CC BY 2.0
  • Fibroadenoma-breast usg

    A: Breast ultrasonography in a 25-year-old patient shows a homogenous, hypoechoic Hypoechoic A structure that produces a low-amplitude echo (darker grays) Ultrasound (Sonography), gently lobulated lesion (arrow), suggestive of a fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma.
    B: Ultrasonography shows a degenerating fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma (arrow) with coarse calcifications (arrowhead) and posterior shadowing from the calcific foci.

    Image: “Pictorial essay: Breast USG” by Advanced Radiology Centre, Mumbai, India. License: CC BY 2.0
  • Fibroadenoma on mammogramm

    Fibroadenoma on a mammogram

    Image: “Fibroadenoma on mammogram” by S. Bhimji MD. License: CC BY 4.0

Related videos

1:40
Fibroadenoma

Radial scars

  • Complex sclerosing lesions
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: 
  • Pathology: fibroelastic core with radiating ducts and lobules Lobules Breasts: Anatomy
  • Management: surgical excision as lesions may be premalignant (up to 17% have malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax)

Sclerosing adenosis Adenosis Fibrocystic Change

  • Enlarged and distorted lobules Lobules Breasts: Anatomy (milk-producing sacs) with stromal fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans and interspersed glandular cells
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: felt as a palpable mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast
  • Diagnosis: 
  • Management: 
    • Small risk of subsequent malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax
    • Observation with annual breast exam and mammogram

Usual ductal hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation

  • Pathology: increased cells in ductal space or lobule (without atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change)
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: seen incidentally on biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma or as calcifications on mammogram
  • Management:
    • Small risk of subsequent malignancy Malignancy Hemothorax
    • Observation with annual breast exam and mammogram
Ductal hyperplasia

Usual ductal hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation after review. Note the epithelial cells displaying a haphazard orientation Orientation Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person. Psychiatric Assessment and the presence of slit-like secondary lumina peripherally located.

Image: “Usual ductal hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation” by Breast Pathology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av, Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil. License: CC BY 2.0

Benign Epithelial Breast Lesions with Atypical Hyperplasia

Atypical ductal hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation (ADH)

  • Found in 5%–20% of breast biopsies
  • Moderate increase in breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer risk
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: too small for palpation Palpation Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistency of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. Dermatologic Examination, discovered incidentally on biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma (for mammographic findings such as calcifications)
  • Diagnosis: 
    • CNB
    • Pathology: proliferation of monomorphic epithelial cells in the breast duct
    • Shares features of low-grade DCIS DCIS Proliferation of cytologically malignant cells within the mammary ductal system, with no invasion of the surrounding stroma Breast Cancer without meeting full criteria
  • Management: 
    • Surgical excision: standard of care Standard of care The minimum acceptable patient care, based on statutes, court decisions, policies, or professional guidelines. Malpractice (ADH is premalignant) 
    • Breast exam every 6–12 months and annual mammogram
    • Avoid hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives
    • Lifestyle and dietary changes
Atypical ductal hyperplasia

Atypical ductal hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation (arrows)

Image: “Atypical ductal hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation” by Breast Pathology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av, Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil. License: CC BY 2.0

Atypical lobular hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation (ALH)

  • Increased risk of developing breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer in either ipsilateral or contralateral breast
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: discovered incidentally on biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma (for mammographic findings such as calcifications)
  • Diagnosis:
    • Pathology: Within the acini of terminal duct lobular unit, there is over-proliferation of dyshesive epithelial cells.
    • Shares features of lobular carcinoma in situ Lobular carcinoma in situ Proliferation of malignant cells within the lobules, growing in an incohesive manner in mammary tissue Breast Cancer or invasive lobular carcinoma without meeting full criteria
  • Management:
    • Surgical excision is generally appropriate but not routine.
    • Excision for high-risk patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship (family/personal history of breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer, BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation Mutation Genetic mutations are errors in DNA that can cause protein misfolding and dysfunction. There are various types of mutations, including chromosomal, point, frameshift, and expansion mutations. Types of Mutations)
    • In carefully selected lower-risk patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship: 
      • Estrogen receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors modulators
      • Increased mammogram and follow-up frequency 
    • Risk-reduction measures: 
      • No hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives
      • Lifestyle and dietary changes
Atypical lobular hyperplasia

Photomicrograph of atypical lobular hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation associated with columnar cell changes and incidental to targeted microcalcifications

Image: “Atypical lobular hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation” by Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. License: CC BY 3.0

Flat Epithelial Atypia

  • A distinct lesion from ADH and ALH 
  • Flat growth pattern (does not meet architectural criteria of ADH)
  • High-risk or atypical breast lesion but risk remains undefined
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: discovered on biopsies done for mammographic calcifications
  • Diagnosis: pathology characterized by columnar changes with atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change
  • Management:
    • Surgical consultation with risk assessment Risk assessment The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. Preoperative Care
    • Observation is an option along with frequent exam and mammogram.
Flat epithelial atypia

Columnar cell lesions with atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change (flat epithelial atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change)

Image: “Flat epithelial atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change” by Department of Pathology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB AFB Mycobacterium, TX, USA. License: CC BY 2.0

Breast Abscess

  • Epidemiology: usually associated with mastitis Mastitis Mastitis is inflammation of the breast tissue with or without infection. The most common form of mastitis is associated with lactation in the first few weeks after birth. Non-lactational mastitis includes periductal mastitis and idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). Mastitis 
    • Known risk factors (in lactating women): 
    • Known risk factors (in non-lactating women):
      • African American
      • Obesity Obesity Obesity is a condition associated with excess body weight, specifically with the deposition of excessive adipose tissue. Obesity is considered a global epidemic. Major influences come from the western diet and sedentary lifestyles, but the exact mechanisms likely include a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Obesity 
      • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus 
      • Smoking Smoking Willful or deliberate act of inhaling and exhaling smoke from burning substances or agents held by hand. Interstitial Lung Diseases
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor:
    • Unilateral and fluctuant Fluctuant Dermatologic Examination mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast
    • Painful, erythematous, and edematous breast 
    • Possible purulent discharge Purulent Discharge Dacryocystitis from the nipple Nipple The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. Examination of the Breast
    • Fever Fever Fever is defined as a measured body temperature of at least 38°C (100.4°F). Fever is caused by circulating endogenous and/or exogenous pyrogens that increase levels of prostaglandin E2 in the hypothalamus. Fever is commonly associated with chills, rigors, sweating, and flushing of the skin. Fever
  • Diagnosis:
    • Clinical: history and findings of a fluctuant Fluctuant Dermatologic Examination, tender, palpable mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast 
    • Nipple discharge: Culture may help guide choice of antibiotic. 
    • Ultrasound: ill-defined hypoechoic Hypoechoic A structure that produces a low-amplitude echo (darker grays) Ultrasound (Sonography) collection with internal septations
    • Needle aspiration reveals purulent contents. 
  • Management:
    • Incision and drainage Incision And Drainage Chalazion especially: 
      • If with skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions ischemia Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the blood through an organ or tissue caused by a pathologic constriction or obstruction of its blood vessels, or an absence of blood circulation. Ischemic Cell Damage or pressure necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage
      • If needle aspiration and/or antibiotics fail
    • Needle aspiration:
      •  Can be an initial treatment if overlying skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions is not ischemic or abscess Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. Chronic Granulomatous Disease(es) < 3 cm
      • Repeated every 2–3 days until there is no collection
    • Antibiotics that target most common causative agent, Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus is a medically important genera of Gram-positive, aerobic cocci. These bacteria form clusters resembling grapes on culture plates. Staphylococci are ubiquitous for humans, and many strains compose the normal skin flora. Staphylococcus aureus: cephalexin, dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin One of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase. Penicillins, or amoxicillin Amoxicillin A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. Penicillins-clavulanate
Breast abscess

Sonogram Sonogram Chorioretinitis of a 22-year-old woman showing a right breast abscess Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Note the oval shape of the abscess Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. Chronic Granulomatous Disease, which measures 2.64 cm by 1.54 cm before aspiration under ultrasound guidance.

Image: “Breast abscess Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. Chronic Granulomatous Disease” by Department of Surgery, Weil Bugando University College of Health Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania. License: CC BY 2.0

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4:51
Breastfeeding and Common Breast Conditions

Miscellaneous Breast Lesions

Diabetic mastopathy

  • Lymphocytic mastopathy or lymphocytic mastitis Mastitis Mastitis is inflammation of the breast tissue with or without infection. The most common form of mastitis is associated with lactation in the first few weeks after birth. Non-lactational mastitis includes periductal mastitis and idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). Mastitis
  • May be due to secondary autoimmune reaction from effects of hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia Abnormally high blood glucose level. Diabetes Mellitus on connective tissue Connective tissue Connective tissues originate from embryonic mesenchyme and are present throughout the body except inside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of connective tissues is to provide structural support to organs. Connective tissues consist of cells and an extracellular matrix. Connective Tissue: Histology
  • Seen in up to 13% of patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship with diabetes mellitus type 1 Type 1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: painless mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast, seen in long-standing diabetes mellitus type 1 Type 1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy
  • Diagnosis: 
  • Management: 
    • Excision not needed as there is no increased risk for breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Breast Cancer
    • Known to recur after surgical removal
    • Annual mammogram

Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease that causes noncaseating granulomas. The exact etiology is unknown. Sarcoidosis usually affects the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes, but it can also affect almost every system in the body, including the skin, heart, and eyes, most commonly. Sarcoidosis

  • Seen in patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship with systemic sarcoidosis but mammary involvement can be the sole manifestation
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: firm breast masses
  • Diagnosis:
  • Management: 
    • Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoids are a class within the corticosteroid family. Glucocorticoids are chemically and functionally similar to endogenous cortisol. There are a wide array of indications, which primarily benefit from the antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of this class of drugs. Glucocorticoids
    • Surgical excision an option

Galactocele

  • A retention cyst within the mammary gland Mammary gland Glandular tissue in the breast of human that is under the influence of hormones such as estrogens; progestins; and prolactin. In women, after parturition, the mammary glands secrete milk for the nourishment of the young. Breasts: Anatomy containing milk 
  • An obstruction of a lactiferous duct → accumulation of epithelial cells and milk → distention of the duct → cyst formation
  • Epidemiology: most common benign breast condition in lactating women
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor:
    • Palpable, firm mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast in the subareolar region
    • Presents with no fever or pain (pain suggests secondary bacterial infection)
    • Unilateral
  • Diagnosis:
  • Management: 
    • Most cases resolve spontaneously.
    • Increased breastfeeding Breastfeeding Breastfeeding is often the primary source of nutrition for the newborn. During pregnancy, hormonal stimulation causes the number and size of mammary glands in the breast to significantly increase. After delivery, prolactin stimulates milk production, while oxytocin stimulates milk expulsion through the lactiferous ducts, where it is sucked out through the nipple by the infant. Breastfeeding, warm compresses Warm Compresses Chalazion, and massage 
    • Repeated needle aspiration or surgical excision: for symptomatic cysts Cysts Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an epithelium. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues. Fibrocystic Change
Galactocele

Galactocele:
A: Lesion parallel to the skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions with well-defined borders showing anechoic Anechoic A structure that produces no echo at all (looks completely black) Ultrasound (Sonography) ( cystic Cystic Fibrocystic Change) and echogenic (solid) components, with discrete posterior acoustic enhancement and well-defined borders.
B: Predominantly hypoechoic Hypoechoic A structure that produces a low-amplitude echo (darker grays) Ultrasound (Sonography) lesion parallel to the skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions with well-defined borders, peripheral areas of hyperechogenicity, and posterior acoustic enhancement.

Image: “ Galactocele” by US National Library of Medicine. License: CC BY 4.0

Phyllodes tumor Tumor Inflammation

  • Cystosarcoma phyllodes
  • Fibroepithelial tumor Tumor Inflammation similar to fibroadenomas, characterized by rapid growth
  • Epidemiology:
    • Most common in women between 40 and 50 years of age
    • Account for < 1% of all breast neoplasms Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. Benign Bone Tumors
    • Although usually benign, some may become malignant (25% of cases)
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor:
    • Painless, multinodular, firm, rapidly growing mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast 
    • Usually 4–7 cm in diameter
    • About 20% nonpalpable, identified on mammography
  • Diagnosis:
    • Mammography Mammography Radiographic examination of the breast. Breast Cancer Screening: lobulated mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast, resembles fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma
    • Ultrasonography: well-defined, hypoechoic Hypoechoic A structure that produces a low-amplitude echo (darker grays) Ultrasound (Sonography) mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast (like fibroadenomas, without microcalcifications)
    • MRI: well-circumscribed with irregular walls, high signal intensity on T1, and low signal intensity on T2 
    • CNB: 
      • Papillary projection Projection A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. Defense Mechanisms (phyllodes/“leaf-like”) of proliferating epithelium Epithelium The epithelium is a complex of specialized cellular organizations arranged into sheets and lining cavities and covering the surfaces of the body. The cells exhibit polarity, having an apical and a basal pole. Structures important for the epithelial integrity and function involve the basement membrane, the semipermeable sheet on which the cells rest, and interdigitations, as well as cellular junctions. Surface Epithelium: Histology-lined stroma 
      • Varying degrees of atypia Atypia Fibrocystic Change and hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation (depends on benign or malignant nature)
  • Management: 
    • Surgical resection with wide margins (due to high recurrence rate)
    • Breast exam and mammogram every 6 months for 2 years, then annually
Phyllodes tumor

Phyllodes tumor Tumor Inflammation of the breast

(a) Transverse US image shows a circumscribed heterogenous echo with a small cystic Cystic Fibrocystic Change space (arrow) and a slight posterior acoustic enhancement.
(b) Photomicrograph shows leaf-like processes containing cellular stroma lined with benign ductal epithelial cells projecting into the cystic Cystic Fibrocystic Change space (haematoxylin & eosin stain; x100).

Image: “ Benign Benign Fibroadenoma phyllodes tumour in a 35-year-old woman” by Department of Radiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. License: CC BY 2.5

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4:40
Benign Breast Conditions: Overview of Types

Giant juvenile fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma

  • Approximately 0.5%–2% of all fibroadenomas
  • Usually occurs in African American adolescents
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor:
    • Rapid increase in size; unilateral tumors > 5 cm in diameter
    • May cause skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Skin: Structure and Functions ulceration Ulceration Corneal Abrasions, Erosion, and Ulcers and venous engorgement Engorgement Mastitis
  • Management: surgical excision (as they are not easily distinguished from phyllodes tumors on examination or imaging studies)

Complex fibroadenoma Complex Fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma

  • Fibroadenoma containing pathologic features: 
    • Sclerosing adenosis Adenosis Fibrocystic Change
    • Duct epithelial hyperplasia Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. Cellular Adaptation
    • Cysts > 3 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma  
    • Apocrine metaplasia Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. Cellular Adaptation
  • Slight increase in cancer risk
  • Clinical presentation Presentation The position or orientation of the fetus at near term or during obstetric labor, determined by its relation to the spine of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the neck. Normal and Abnormal Labor: presents as a palpable lump or mass Mass Three-dimensional lesion that occupies a space within the breast Imaging of the Breast on breast imaging Breast Imaging Female breasts, made of glandular, adipose, and connective tissue, are hormone-sensitive organs that undergo changes along with the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Breasts may be affected by various diseases, in which different imaging methods are important to arrive at the correct diagnosis and management. Mammography is used for breast cancer screening and diagnostic evaluation of various breast-related symptoms. Imaging of the Breast
  • Diagnosis: biopsy Biopsy Removal and pathologic examination of specimens from the living body. Ewing Sarcoma distinguishes it from simple fibroadenoma Fibroadenoma Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast and the most common breast tumor in adolescent and young women. The tumors are well-circumscribed, mobile, and unencapsulated, with a rubbery or firm consistency. Fibroadenoma
  • Management: observation, risk assessment Risk assessment The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. Preoperative Care with annual exam and mammogram

Differential Diagnosis

  • Fibrocystic Fibrocystic Fibrocystic Change changes of the breast: refers to the changes that happen to breast tissue as a woman ages. The normal histologic appearance of predominant ducts, lobules Lobules Breasts: Anatomy, intralobular stroma, and interlobular stroma is replaced by fibrous Fibrous Fibrocystic Change tissue and cystic Cystic Fibrocystic Change formation.
  • Fat necrosis of the breast Fat necrosis of the breast Fat necrosis of the breast is an inflammatory, benign condition resulting from injury to the breast tissue. Forms of injury include blunt traumatic injury as well as trauma from surgical procedures, biopsies, and radiation therapy. Fat Necrosis of the Breast: usually due to breast injury. As the damaged breast tissue is repaired, it is replaced by scar Scar Dermatologic Examination tissue. Some fat cells may have a different response, however, and form what are known as oily cysts Cysts Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an epithelium. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues. Fibrocystic Change (seen in mammogram and ultrasound).
  • Gynecomastia Gynecomastia Gynecomastia is a benign proliferation of male breast glandular ductal tissue, usually bilateral, caused by increased estrogen activity, decreased testosterone activity, or medications. The condition is common and physiological in neonates, adolescent boys, and elderly men. Gynecomastia: unilateral or bilateral breast enlargement in males due to increased glandular proliferation. A very common and mostly physiologic condition that is seen in neonates, pubertal boys, and elderly patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship. Some cases are pathologic and are secondary to drugs, hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate. Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism, neoplasms Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. Benign Bone Tumors, and chronic liver Liver The liver is the largest gland in the human body. The liver is found in the superior right quadrant of the abdomen and weighs approximately 1.5 kilograms. Its main functions are detoxification, metabolism, nutrient storage (e.g., iron and vitamins), synthesis of coagulation factors, formation of bile, filtration, and storage of blood. Liver: Anatomy and kidney disease.
  • Mastitis: inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is a complex set of responses to infection and injury involving leukocytes as the principal cellular mediators in the body’s defense against pathogenic organisms. Inflammation is also seen as a response to tissue injury in the process of wound healing. The 5 cardinal signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation of the mammary gland Mammary gland Glandular tissue in the breast of human that is under the influence of hormones such as estrogens; progestins; and prolactin. In women, after parturition, the mammary glands secrete milk for the nourishment of the young. Breasts: Anatomy tissue, which can be lactational or non-lactational. Mastitis is most common in women in the childbearing years.

References

  1. Ajmal, M., Van Fossen, K.(2020). Breast Fibroadenoma. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535345/
  2. Dilaveri, C., MacBride, M., Sandhu, N., Lonzetta, N., Ghosh, K., Wahner-Roedler, D.(2012) Breast manifestations of systemic diseases. Int J Womens Health. 4: 35–43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282604/
  3. Guray, M, Sahin, A. (2006). Benign breast diseases: classification, diagnosis and management. Oncologist 11(5):435-49. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16720843/
  4. Lee, M., Soltanian, H.(2015). Breast fibroadenomas in adolescents:current perspectives. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 6: 159–163. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4562655/
  5. Li, A., Kirk, L.(2020). Intraductal papilloma. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519539/
  6. Neal, L., Sandhu, N., Hieken, T., Glazebrook K., Mac Bride, M.B., Dilaveri, C., Wahner-Riedler, D.; Ghosh, K; Visscher, D.(2014) Diagnosis and Management of Benign, Atypical and Indeterminate Breast lesions detected on core needle biopsy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. ;89(4):536-547. https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00146-3/pdf
  7. Sabel,M., Chagpar, A. & Chen, W. (Eds.). (2018). Overview of benign breast disease. Uptodate. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-benign-breast-disease
  8. Santen, R. (2018). Benign breast disease in women. Endotext. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278994/
  9. Visccher, D. et al. (2014). Sclerosing adenosis and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 144(1): 205–212. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924024/
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