Cardiology – Lecturio Medical Online Library

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) — Atherosclerotic Plaque, the six areas of consensus, and the four areas of controversy

Coronary artery disease is considered the leading cause of death worldwide. It occurs as a result of atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries with subsequent narrow... read more

Coronary Steal Syndrome — Definition and Symptoms

An incongruous reversal in the flow of blood in the form of coronary subclavian steal syndrome is a well-known complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The c... read more

Pediatric Truncus Arteriosus and Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) — Causes and Survival Rate

Truncus arteriosus is characterized by the presence of a common arterial trunk arising from both ventricles while transposition of the great arteries is a cyanotic congenit... read more

Tricuspid Atresia — Pathophysiology and Treatment

Tricuspid atresia is the third most common type of the cyanotic congenital heart diseases, the other two being transposition of the vessels and tetralogy of Fallot. Patient... read more

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVR) — Pathophysiology and Surgery

Patients with a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) have abnormally draining pulmonary veins that drain into the right atrium or the systemic venous circula... read more

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in Children — Pathophysiology and Treatment

Tetralogy of Fallot is considered as the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. The condition might be associated with other extracardiac abnormalities, suc... read more

Pediatric Cardiomyopathies — Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Workup

Cardiomyopathies encompass a wide range of myocardial diseases that present with various structures such as ventricular dilatation as seen in dilated cardiomyopathy, or ven... read more

Infective Endocarditis (IE) in Children — Symptoms and Treatment

Infective endocarditis is a common serious infectious pathology in children. The most commonly identified organisms are of the streptococcus and staphylococcus species. Pat... read more

Blue Baby Syndrome (Cyanosis in newborn) and Hyperoxia Test

Blue babies lack sufficient oxygenation, resulting in the bluish discoloration of tissues, a term referred to as cyanosis. There are two major types of cyanosis: central an... read more

Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA) in Children — Symptoms and Treatment

Coarctation of the aorta is a constriction usually occurring opposite the patent ductus arteriosus insertion site. Patients might present with signs and symptoms suggestive... read more

Arrhythmias in Children: Bradycardia and Tachycardia — Diagnosis and Treatment

The most common form of cardiac arrhythmia in children is sinus tachycardia, which can be caused by fever. Bradycardia can occur in children due to a depressed sinus node a... read more

Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM, Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy) — Diagnosis and Treatment

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the preferred term for both, what was earlier classified as an obstructive and non-obstructive type of HCM. HCM manifests as otherwise ... read more