Pneumonia or pulmonary inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is a complex set of responses to infection and injury involving leukocytes as the principal cellular mediators in the body's defense against pathogenic organisms. Inflammation is also seen as a response to tissue injury in the process of wound healing. The 5 cardinal signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation is an acute or chronic inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is a complex set of responses to infection and injury involving leukocytes as the principal cellular mediators in the body's defense against pathogenic organisms. Inflammation is also seen as a response to tissue injury in the process of wound healing. The 5 cardinal signs of inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation of lung tissue. Causes include infection with bacteria Bacteria Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms that are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Some of these organisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Bacteriology, viruses Viruses Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. Virology, or fungi Fungi A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including mushrooms; yeasts; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies. Mycology. In more rare cases, pneumonia can also be caused through toxic triggers Triggers Hereditary Angioedema (C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency) through inhalation of toxic substances, immunological processes, or in the course of radiotherapy.
Last updated: 14 Jun, 2022
MDR gram-negative bacteria gram-negative bacteria Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by gram’s method. Bacteriology and MRSA MRSA A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of methicillin. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired penicillin binding proteins. Staphylococcus | Nosocomial (HAP and VAP) MRSA MRSA A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of methicillin. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired penicillin binding proteins. Staphylococcus | Community-acquired MRSA MRSA A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of methicillin. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired penicillin binding proteins. Staphylococcus |
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Common pathogens that cause CAP to vary based on the severity of CAP (i.e., requiring treatment as an outpatient or as an inpatient outside or inside the ICU ICU Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. West Nile Virus) (see Table 2):
Outpatient | Non-intensive care unit ( ICU ICU Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. West Nile Virus) Inpatient | ICU ICU Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. West Nile Virus |
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Newly identified pathogens | ||
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An anaerobic etiology is suggested only when a history of aspiration is present days to weeks before the diagnosis of pneumonia.
General
Specific
Percussion
Percussion
Act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained.
Pulmonary Examination technique:
The
clinician
Clinician
A physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, or another health professional who is directly involved in patient care and has a professional relationship with patients.
Clinician–Patient Relationship’s middle finger is placed on the area of interest. The other
hand
Hand
The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves.
Hand: Anatomy strikes the middle finger at the distal interphalangeal joint. A
consolidation
Consolidation
Pulmonary Function Tests from pneumonia may sound dull to
percussion
Percussion
Act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained.
Pulmonary Examination.
Tactile fremitus
Tactile Fremitus
Pulmonary Examination:
The
clinician
Clinician
A physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, or another health professional who is directly involved in patient care and has a professional relationship with patients.
Clinician–Patient Relationship places the ulnar surface of their hands on both sides of the back to compare
vibration
Vibration
A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference.
Neurological Examination transmission while the individual speaks. In pneumonia, increased fremitus may signal a
consolidation
Consolidation
Pulmonary Function Tests (due to increased density of the lung tissue). Decreased fremitus may be due to a
pleural effusion
Pleural Effusion
Pleural effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid between the layers of the parietal and visceral pleura. Common causes of this condition include infection, malignancy, autoimmune disorders, or volume overload. Clinical manifestations include chest pain, cough, and dyspnea.
Pleural Effusion.
Lobar pneumonia. Dense infiltration in the left lower lobe has caused a silhouette of the left cardiac border (dashed line). Air bronchogram is a typical feature of consolidation Consolidation Pulmonary Function Tests.
CT imaging of rapid progression stage. A 50-year-old female with anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa, fatigue Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. Fibromyalgia, muscle soreness, nasal congestion, and runny nose Nose The nose is the human body’s primary organ of smell and functions as part of the upper respiratory system. The nose may be best known for inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide, but it also contributes to other important functions, such as tasting. The anatomy of the nose can be divided into the external nose and the nasal cavity. Nose and Nasal Cavity: Anatomy for 1 week, sore and itching throat Throat The pharynx is a component of the digestive system that lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx. The pharynx can be divided into the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx. Pharyngeal muscles play an integral role in vital processes such as breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Pharynx: Anatomy for 2 days. Laboratory test: increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Soft Tissue Abscess (25 mm MM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant condition of plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) primarily seen in the elderly. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells results in cytokine-driven osteoclastic activity and excessive secretion of IgG antibodies. Multiple Myeloma/h), normal white blood cells (4.08 × 109/L), decreased lymphocytes Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are heterogeneous WBCs involved in immune response. Lymphocytes develop from the bone marrow, starting from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progressing to common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). B and T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells arise from the lineage. Lymphocytes: Histology (0.96 × 109/ L), increased C-reaction protein (60.8 mg/L). Imaging examination: a (thin layer CT) and b ( high-resolution CT High-resolution CT Imaging of the Lungs and Pleura) showed multiple patchy and light consolidation Consolidation Pulmonary Function Tests in both lungs Lungs Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. Lungs are paired viscera located in the thoracic cavity and are composed of spongy tissue. The primary function of the lungs is to oxygenate blood and eliminate CO2. Lungs: Anatomy and grid-like thickness of interlobular septa.
Necrotizing cavitating pneumonia. Chest X-ray Chest X-ray X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs. Pulmonary Function Tests and CT depicting necrotizing cavitating pneumonia due to Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus is a medically important genera of Gram-positive, aerobic cocci. These bacteria form clusters resembling grapes on culture plates. Staphylococci are ubiquitous for humans, and many strains compose the normal skin flora. Staphylococcus aureus in a 29-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Chronic HIV infection and depletion of CD4 cells eventually results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can be diagnosed by the presence of certain opportunistic diseases called AIDS-defining conditions. These conditions include a wide spectrum of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections as well as several malignancies and generalized conditions. HIV Infection and AIDS.
Atypical pneumonia Atypical pneumonia Mycoplasma: mild diffuse interstitial infiltration. No lobar consolidation Consolidation Pulmonary Function Tests, effusion, or pneumothorax Pneumothorax A pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition in which air collects in the pleural space, causing partial or full collapse of the lung. A pneumothorax can be traumatic or spontaneous. Patients present with a sudden onset of sharp chest pain, dyspnea, and diminished breath sounds on exam. Pneumothorax is observed.
In addition to clinical judgment Judgment The process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation. Psychiatric Assessment, a validated prediction tool is recommended to determine the need for hospitalization Hospitalization The confinement of a patient in a hospital. Delirium:
Severe CAP or CAP requiring ICU ICU Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. West Nile Virus admission is defined by CAP plus at least 1 of the following:
Approximately 10% of ICU ICU Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. West Nile Virus patients Patients Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures. Clinician–Patient Relationship have pneumonia, mostly VAP.