Thyroiditis – Top USMLE Diseases

Thyrotoxicosis refers to the classic physiologic manifestations of excess thyroid hormones and is not synonymous with hyperthyroidism, which is caused by sustained overproduction and release of T3 and/or T4. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism, followed by toxic multinodular goiter and toxic adenoma. Subacute thyroiditis is an example of thyrotoxicosis without hyperthyroidism, and a pituitary adenoma, which secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is an example of secondary hyperthyroidism. Clinical features of thyrotoxicosis are mostly due to an increase in the metabolic rate and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (i.e., an increase in the β-adrenergic “tone”). Thyrotoxicosis is diagnosed by measuring the levels of TSH produced by the anterior pituitary gland and unbound T4 and T3. Depending on the etiology and clinical presentation, it may be treated pharmacologically, surgically, or with radioiodine.

Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause worldwide, but Hashimoto's disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) is the leading cause in non–iodine-deficient regions. Primary hypothyroidism occurs with thyroid gland disorders, while the central type arises from pituitary and hypothalamic conditions. Thyroid hormones are integral in metabolic processes and in the development of the brain and other organs. Congenital hypothyroidism can result in significant mental disability due to the loss of thyroid hormones. The features of acquired hypothyroidism also reflect the effects of slowed organ function, such as fatigue, bradycardia, cold intolerance, and exertional dyspnea. Diagnosis is by thyroid function testing. Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone and low free thyroxine (T4) levels are noted. Treatment is with synthetic T4.