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The Autonomic Nervous System – The Autonomic Control Centre of the Human Organism

The nervous system serves the regulation and adaptation of the organism to changing conditions of the environment and the internal body. It is a communicating and controlling organ which innervates all organs of the body. The nervous system can be subdivided into an anatomic (CNS and PNS) and a functional (SNS and VNS/ANS) part which, however, are intrinsically tied to each other. The following article will give you detailed insight into the structure, functionality and pathology of the vegetative/autonomic nervous system (VNS or ANS).

The Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system with testicles and spermatic duct can be divided into different sections, but are treated as one unit in anatomy. This article is concerned with the anatomy and physiology of the male sexual organs. At the end, final pathology concludes with a general view on the most important dysfunctions.

Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall and Pelvic Floor

Do not fear the pelvic floor—although this topic is popular amongst examiners and seems to be complicated at first glance, there is no need for fear. Here, you get a compact overview and learn everything you need to know about the pelvic floor, the abdominal wall and the inguinal canal.

Embryology: Malformations during Embryonic and Fetal Development

Congenital malformations are developmental disorders that arise before birth during the embryonic (2nd - 8th week of development) or fetal period (9th - 38th week of development) (from the Latin congenitus = "born with"). The cause may be genetic or contingent on external influences. The rate of incidence for children born alive is approximately 3%. Toxic agents that may cause embryonic damage and malformations are called teratogens, and the study of the cause and characteristics of inherent malformations is called teratology (Gr. teras = monstrosity, marvel). Infections such as rubella, medications like thalidomide, drugs such as alcohol and tobacco, or radiation are all teratogens.

Male Genital Organs: the Anatomy and Function of the Male Urogenital System

Understanding male anatomy: here we present key information on the structure and the functions of the male inner and outer genital organs and exam-relevant facts on spermatogenesis.

Female Reproductive Organs – Follicle Maturation, Mucous Membranes and Mammary Gland Tissue

A number of hormone-mediated processes take place in the female genitals. The follicle maturation in the uterus, formation of the mammary gland tissue and lactation are processes that are basic knowledge to medical students. In the following, the most important facts are listed. Afterwards you can use the three exam questions to control your knowledge.

Genital Development: Sexual Differentiation at the Anatomical Level

Genital development in the embryonic period can be divided into the development of the gonads, the genital ducts, and the external genitals. It is a popular subject in anatomy exams, which often poses questions concerning the minutest details – as genital development has a decisive impact on the development of human beings, both in the pre-/postnatal state and on into adulthood.

Female Genitalia: Anatomy and Function of the Female Genitourinary System

Get prepared for your anatomy exams: Here, you will find the most important information on the structure and function of the woman’s internal and external sexual organs.

Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominopelvic Organs

The lymphatic drainage of the abdominopelvic organs can be described easily by dividing the drainage into four groups: drainage from the infra-diaphragmatic portion of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas; lymphatic drainage from the suprarenal glands and the spleen; from the organs of the urinary system and from the reproductive organs. The lymphatic drainage from these organs is clinically very important due to its role in the spread of malignancies and infections.

Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs

The primitive embryonic foregut, midgut and hindgut form the gastrointestinal tract. The foregut extends from the mouth to the proximal two thirds of the duodenum. The midgut extends from the distal one thirds of the duodenum to the proximal two thirds of the transverse colon, while the hindgut extends from the distal one third of the transverse colon to the anus. The autonomic nervous system with its sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers and their opposing actions control all these organs.

Perineum and External Genitalia

The perineum is a diamond shaped region situated inferior to the pelvic floor which separates it from the pelvic cavity. Several urinary, external genital and lower gastrointestinal structures are located within the perineum. Therefore the perineum plays an important role in bodily functions like defecation, micturition, procreation and parturition. This article will discuss the boundaries of the perineum, the perineal membrane, the Ischioanal fossa and its contents with their clinical relevance.

Branches of Internal Iliac Artery

The reproductive organs in women and men, as well as the urinary bladder, the pelvic part of the colon and the rectum, are located within the pelvic cavity. All these important organs receive their oxygenated blood via the internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) and its myriad branches. The arrangement of the branches is very variable and, occasionally, a listed branch may originate from a direct branch instead of from the internal iliac artery. The anatomical variations are surgically important for surgery in the pelvic cavity. The uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes receive their blood supply from the internal iliac. The blood supply to the external genitalia in both sexes is derived from the internal pudendal branch of the internal iliac artery. During sexual arousal, the branches of the internal iliac arteries provide for the increased demand of blood flow which causes the engorgement of the tissues.

Rectum and Anal Canal – The End of the Digestive Tract

Rectum (in Latin: Rectum, in Greek: Proktos) and anal canal (in Latin: Canalis analis) form the straight intestine. They form a functional unit and are part of the digestive system, which controls defecation. If this function is disturbed, fecal incontinence occurs. Hemorrhoids and anal fistulas are also diseases of the straight intestine that a physician will often be faced with in practice. Read a compact outline about the structure, function and diseases of the final part of the digestive tract here.

Reproductive Embryology 00:17 h / 5 videos

Reproductive Embryology 2 articles 2 free

Reproductive Embryology 0 questions
Reproductive Gross Anatomy 03:41 h / 54 videos

Reproductive Gross Anatomy 9 articles 9 free

Reproductive Gross Anatomy 31 questions 0 free
Reproductive Histology 02:30 h / 29 videos

Reproductive Histology 4 articles 4 free

Reproductive Histology 29 questions 0 free

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Reproductive Anatomy

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Your Educators of course Reproductive Anatomy

Geoffrey Meyer, PhD

James Pickering, PhD

John McLachlan, PhD

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