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Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System (Part 2)

In the second part of the article about the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system, the lumbosacral plexus is discussed. Aside from that, medical students receive an insight into some of the most popular exam questions.

Anatomy of the Lower Extremities - Muscles of the Lower Leg and Foot

In comparison to the upper extremities, in particular the forearm, the muscles of the lower leg and foot are so much easier to learn for the medical student. Their grouping is simple, and the muscles themselves can be very well distinguished according to their function in the foot. Besides thorough descriptions, this article provides a clear chart of all the muscles and their groups. This chart can be used as a flash card for studying.

Anatomy of the Lower Limb: Muscles of the Hip and Thigh

The hip is one of the strongest joints of the human body. This circumstance is due to the variety of muscles that surrounds, stabilizes and moves it. Medical students often have difficulties to properly understand the large number of individual muscles with their structures and functions. It is, therefore, advisable to divide the muscles into groups in order to obtain a better overview that will, in turn, facilitate the learning process. This article is intended to provide the desired overview.

Anatomy of the Lower Extremity: Knee Joint

Besides the shoulder joint, the knee joint is one of the most complex capsuloligamentous structure systems of the human body. Hardly any other joint has as many different stabilizing ligaments and simultaneously such a great degree of movement. Most of all, medical students should be familiar with the functional anatomy since even slight disorders, e.g. in the gliding movements of the menisci, can lead to severe movement impairments and pain. After the hip, the knee is the second most frequent location for the implantation of total endoprostheses.

Anatomy of the Lower Extremity: Hip Joint

Every year, a great number of endoprostheses are implanted in the hip joint region. This shows the extreme vulnerability of the capsular ligament complex and, thus, why a physician should be able to know its anatomy, functional anatomy, and pathophysiology. Orthopedists and surgeons hear patients complaining about pain in the hip joint every day. Without sufficient knowledge, it is impossible to help these people competently.

Joints of the Lower Limb

The joints in the lower limb include the sacroiliac joint, hip joint and knee joint, plus two important foot joints: the subtalar and the transverse tarsal joint, which permit inversion and eversion of the foot. The other joints in the foot allow foot and toe movement and include the cuneonavicular joint, the cuboideonavicular joint, the tarsometatarsal joint, the intermetatarsal joint, the metatarsophalangeal joint, the interphalangeal joint and the distal phalangeal joint.

Bones of the Lower Extremity — Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Phalanges and More

The lower limb connects the body to the foot. It bears the weight of the body when standing and during movement. Altogether, there are 32 bones in the lower limb; this includes the hip bone (with its three components: ilium, ischium, pubis), femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal bones (8), the metatarsals (5) and the phalanges (5) on either side.

Venous Drainage and Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb

The venous system of the lower limb consists of a superficial and a deep system. The superficial veins drain into the deep veins of the lower limb, which eventually drain into common iliac vein and inferior vena cava. This article also provides information about the cutaneous innervation (dermatomes) of the lower limb.

Arterial Supply of the Lower Limb

The lower limb is mainly supplied by the femoral artery at the thigh, popliteal artery at the knee and tibial arteries at the lower leg and foot. The femoral artery is an important vessel as it is frequently used to access the arterial circulation during invasive procedures such as coronary angiography. Other vessels such as popliteal, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis are also palpable.

Surface Anatomy – Lower Limb 04:48 min

Surface Anatomy – Lower Limb 2 questions

Surface Anatomy – Lower Limb 1 article
Hip Bone – Osteology of Lower Limb 00:51 min

Hip Bone – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 question

Hip Bone – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Ilium – Osteology of Lower Limb 03:12 min

Ilium – Osteology of Lower Limb 2 questions

Ilium – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Ischium – Osteology of Lower Limb 02:43 min

Ischium – Osteology of Lower Limb 2 questions

Ischium – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Pubis – Osteology of Lower Limb 04:00 min

Pubis – Osteology of Lower Limb 2 questions

Pubis – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Femur – Osteology of Lower Limb 03:12 min

Femur – Osteology of Lower Limb 2 questions

Femur – Osteology of Lower Limb 3 articles
Patella – Osteology of Lower Limb 00:57 min

Patella – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 question

Patella – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Tibia – Osteology of Lower Limb 03:07 min

Tibia – Osteology of Lower Limb 2 questions

Tibia – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Fibula – Osteology of Lower Limb 01:19 min

Fibula – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 question

Fibula – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Foot – Osteology of Lower Limb 07:05 min

Foot – Osteology of Lower Limb 3 questions

Foot – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Movement – Osteology of Lower Limb 03:09 min

Movement – Osteology of Lower Limb 2 questions

Movement – Osteology of Lower Limb 1 article
Introduction – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 00:30 min

Introduction – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 1 question

Introduction – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 1 article
Fascia – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 02:59 min

Fascia – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 2 questions

Fascia – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 1 article
Venous Drainage – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 04:01 min

Venous Drainage – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 2 questions

Venous Drainage – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 1 article
Cutaneous Innervation – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 03:54 min

Cutaneous Innervation – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 4 questions

Cutaneous Innervation – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation 1 article
Introduction – Lumbosacral Plexus 02:31 min

Introduction – Lumbosacral Plexus 1 question

Introduction – Lumbosacral Plexus 1 article
Lumbar Plexus: in Situ – Lumbosacral Plexus 04:36 min

Lumbar Plexus: in Situ – Lumbosacral Plexus 2 questions

Lumbar Plexus: in Situ – Lumbosacral Plexus 1 article
Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus 03:46 min

Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus 2 questions

Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus 1 article
Sciatic Nerve – Lumbosacral Plexus 02:20 min

Sciatic Nerve – Lumbosacral Plexus 1 question

Sciatic Nerve – Lumbosacral Plexus 1 article
Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus 01:47 min

Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus 4 questions

Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus 1 article
Introduction – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 00:33 min

Introduction – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 question

Introduction – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 article
Gluteal Region – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 07:56 min

Gluteal Region – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 3 questions

Gluteal Region – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 article
Neurovasculature – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 02:15 min

Neurovasculature – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 question

Neurovasculature – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 article
Posterior Thigh: Cross-section – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 05:31 min

Posterior Thigh: Cross-section – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 2 questions

Posterior Thigh: Cross-section – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 article
Posterior Thigh Muscles – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 01:38 min

Posterior Thigh Muscles – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 question

Posterior Thigh Muscles – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 article
Popliteal Fossa: Boundaries – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 02:12 min

Popliteal Fossa: Boundaries – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 question

Popliteal Fossa: Boundaries – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 article
Popliteal Fossa: Contents – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 02:07 min

Popliteal Fossa: Contents – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 5 questions

Popliteal Fossa: Contents – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh 1 article
Introduction – Anterior and Medial Thigh 00:42 min

Introduction – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 question

Introduction – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 article
Anterior Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh 04:58 min

Anterior Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh 2 questions

Anterior Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 article
Anterior Compartment of Thigh – Anterior and Medial Thigh 02:44 min

Anterior Compartment of Thigh – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 question

Anterior Compartment of Thigh – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 article
Medial Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh 06:04 min

Medial Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh 3 questions

Medial Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 article
Pes Anserinus – Anterior and Medial Thigh 01:31 min

Pes Anserinus – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 question

Pes Anserinus – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 article
Femoral Triangle – Anterior and Medial Thigh 04:05 min

Femoral Triangle – Anterior and Medial Thigh 2 questions

Femoral Triangle – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 article
Adductor Canal – Anterior and Medial Thigh 02:43 min

Adductor Canal – Anterior and Medial Thigh 9 questions

Adductor Canal – Anterior and Medial Thigh 1 article
Introduction – Anatomy of the Leg 03:34 min

Introduction – Anatomy of the Leg 2 questions

Introduction – Anatomy of the Leg 1 article
Anterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 06:20 min

Anterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 5 questions

Anterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 1 article
Lateral Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 04:33 min

Lateral Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 4 questions

Lateral Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 1 article
Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 05:40 min

Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 4 questions

Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 1 article
Superficial Layer of Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 06:21 min

Superficial Layer of Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 6 questions

Superficial Layer of Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg 1 article
Introduction – Anatomy of the Foot 00:52 min

Introduction – Anatomy of the Foot 1 question

Introduction – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Dorsum of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot 05:07 min

Dorsum of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot 3 questions

Dorsum of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Plantar Aspect – Anatomy of the Foot 03:49 min

Plantar Aspect – Anatomy of the Foot 2 questions

Plantar Aspect – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 1 – Anatomy of the Foot 02:13 min

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 1 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 question

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 1 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 2 – Anatomy of the Foot 02:21 min

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 2 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 question

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 2 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 3 – Anatomy of the Foot 02:03 min

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 3 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 question

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 3 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layers 4 – Anatomy of the Foot 02:12 min

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layers 4 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 question

Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layers 4 – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Sole of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot 03:27 min

Sole of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot 5 questions

Sole of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot 1 article
Blood Supply – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 02:31 min

Blood Supply – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 question

Blood Supply – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 article
Thigh – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 04:52 min

Thigh – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 3 questions

Thigh – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 article
Gluteal Region – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 03:54 min

Gluteal Region – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 2 questions

Gluteal Region – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 article
Posterior Thigh and Popliteal Fossa – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 04:50 min

Posterior Thigh and Popliteal Fossa – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 2 questions

Posterior Thigh and Popliteal Fossa – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 article
Posterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 02:46 min

Posterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 question

Posterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 article
Anterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 01:27 min

Anterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 question

Anterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 article
Foot – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 04:45 min

Foot – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 4 questions

Foot – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb 1 article
Introduction – Joints of Lower Limb 05:14 min

Introduction – Joints of Lower Limb 3 questions

Introduction – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Knee Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 04:27 min

Knee Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 3 questions

Knee Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Fibula and Tibial – Joints of Lower Limb 07:35 min

Fibula and Tibial – Joints of Lower Limb 4 questions

Fibula and Tibial – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Tibiofibular Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 01:38 min

Tibiofibular Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 1 question

Tibiofibular Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Ankle Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 05:46 min

Ankle Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 3 questions

Ankle Joint – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Joints of the Foot: Talocalcaneal – Joints of Lower Limb 02:05 min

Joints of the Foot: Talocalcaneal – Joints of Lower Limb 1 question

Joints of the Foot: Talocalcaneal – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Joints of the Foot: Plantar Ligaments – Joints of Lower Limb 01:47 min

Joints of the Foot: Plantar Ligaments – Joints of Lower Limb 1 question

Joints of the Foot: Plantar Ligaments – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Arches of the Foot – Joints of Lower Limb 02:36 min

Arches of the Foot – Joints of Lower Limb 4 questions

Arches of the Foot – Joints of Lower Limb 1 article
Overview – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 00:21 min

Overview – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 question

Overview – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 article
Sciatic Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 01:53 min

Sciatic Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 question

Sciatic Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 article
Superior Gluteal Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 03:21 min

Superior Gluteal Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 2 questions

Superior Gluteal Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 article
Common Fibular Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 02:02 min

Common Fibular Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 question

Common Fibular Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 article
Tibial Nerve Injury – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 02:02 min

Tibial Nerve Injury – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 3 questions

Tibial Nerve Injury – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb 1 article

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Lower Limb Anatomy

Lower Extremity

Course Details

Content

Your Educators of course Lower Limb Anatomy

James Pickering, PhD

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