Iron Deficiency Anemia – Top USMLE Diseases

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), are the most abundant cells in the blood. While erythrocytes in the fetus are initially produced in the yolk sac then the liver, the bone marrow eventually becomes the main site of production. Erythropoiesis starts with hematopoietic stem cells, which develop into lineage-committed progenitors and differentiate into mature RBCs. The process occurs in stages, and extrusion of the nuclei and organelles occurs prior to maturation. Thus, mature RBCs lack nuclei and have a biconcave shape. RBCs carry hemoglobin, and the shape allows efficient oxygen transport. Billions of RBCs are produced daily, as the life span is 120 days. Senescent or deformed RBCs are removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. This form of anemia is caused by insufficient iron due to a decreased supply, an increased loss, or an increased demand. Iron deficiency anemia is seen across all ages, sexes, and socioeconomic strata; however, children, women of childbearing age, and patients from lower socioeconomic strata are at higher risk. Symptoms include pallor, particularly of the mucous membranes, easy fatigability, and headaches. Iron studies are the key to diagnosis. Treatment is based on the underlying cause of iron deficiency and consists of supplementation.

Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from  various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia may occur from blood loss, decreased RBC production such as in iron deficiency, or increased RBC destruction such as in hemolysis. Management is aimed at improving Hb levels and treating the underlying conditions.