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In medical school, histology lectures are accompanied by a microscopy course, which allows for practical consolidation of theoretical knowledge. After completing the course, each student should be able to recognize organs based on their histological specimens. This guide helps you understand the extensive discipline of histology and to master it with flying colors.

Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal Tract: Overview

Digestion is the mastication and breakdown of nutrients and their subsequent incorporation into an organism. Thereafter, the bloodstream carries all nutrients to the cells of the body. This article is a compact overview of the anatomy of the oral cavity as well as the specific features of the gastro-intestinal tract and the liver.

Histology of the Kidney – Cortex to Medulla

Only a few organs are essential enough that the body owns two of their kind. The kidney, which filters metabolic products, toxins and drugs, is one of them. Modern medicine can replace it but the price dialysis patients have to pay is high. By contrast, the body is able to accomplish this complicated task within the smallest space. Every tissue of the kidney is specially structured depending on its task and the demanding function already manifests in its histology.  

The Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system with testicles and spermatic duct can be divided into different sections, but are treated as one unit in anatomy. This article is concerned with the anatomy and physiology of the male sexual organs. At the end, final pathology concludes with a general view on the most important dysfunctions.

The Physiology of Digestion: From Ingestion to Excretion

Digestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller ones. This involves the digestive system, which breaks down the nutrients obtained from food into a form that body cells can absorb and that can be used to form ATP and body tissue. Below is a concise overview of the physiology of digestion: from ingestion to the act of swallowing, to the digestive organs that are involved and to the absorption of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Human Lymphoid Organs

The lymphoid organs, including thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils are part of the Lymphatic System. The lymphatic system serves a purpose in immune defense. Understanding this system is essential for the diagnosis of many pathological processes. This article deals with the structure, modes of action and a basic overview of the diseases of the lymphatic system.

Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts – Structure and Function

The gall bladder (Latin: vesica fellea or vesica basilaris) is the storage organ for the bile and has a storage capacity of 40 – 50 ml. On its way from the liver to the duodenum, the bile runs through a duct system which is referred to as the bile ducts. The function of the gall bladder and the bile ducts is an elementary prerequisite for the complex process of digestion and can be impaired by typical diseases which a physician should know and understand. In order to understand the process of digestion, the spleen and the pancreas are also important.

The Esophagus - an Elastic, Hollow Organ Between the Pharynx and Stomach

The gullet (Greek 'oesophagus') is a hollow organ, approximately 25 cm long, assigned the task of actively sending our food to the stomach. The following article will provide you with a compact overview of the anatomy as well as the most important diseases of this organ and explains the physiology of the act of swallowing in understandable steps.

Male Genital Organs: the Anatomy and Function of the Male Urogenital System

Understanding male anatomy: here we present key information on the structure and the functions of the male inner and outer genital organs and exam-relevant facts on spermatogenesis.

Female Reproductive Organs – Follicle Maturation, Mucous Membranes and Mammary Gland Tissue

A number of hormone-mediated processes take place in the female genitals. The follicle maturation in the uterus, formation of the mammary gland tissue and lactation are processes that are basic knowledge to medical students. In the following, the most important facts are listed. Afterwards you can use the three exam questions to control your knowledge.

The Sensory Systems of the Human Body

The sensory organs enable us to interact with our surroundings and perceive things outside our body. As fascinating as their function is, as complex and vast seems the topic during medical studies. Despite the large variety of sensory organs, they all follow a few fundamental principles in their structure and function. From the fundamentals to the necessary detailed knowledge of the different sensory perceptions is only a short way.

Stomach: Anatomy, Functionality and Diseases

The stomach (Latin: ventriculus, Greek: gaster) is more than just a muscular sac with storage function. It is also an important organ of the digestive system as it produces enzymes and hydrochloric acid which acts as a disinfectant. Many patients consult their doctor because of "stomach pain" who then has to figure out what the cause of their symptoms is. Here, you will find a compact overview of the structure, functions and diseases of the stomach.

Female Genitalia: Anatomy and Function of the Female Genitourinary System

Get prepared for your anatomy exams: Here, you will find the most important information on the structure and function of the woman’s internal and external sexual organs.

Endocrine Organs and the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is an important and complex topic of the preclinical studies. The control of bodily functions through the messengers (hormones) of the endocrine system is the subject of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry; an accurate understanding of the hormones and their functions is essential for the clinical routine as well. The endocrine organs, in the stricter sense, include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland and pineal gland. They are easy to identify by their characteristic structure in the histological examination, but there are several things that should be considered. This article summarizes the most important facts about the endocrine organs.

Pancreas: An Endocrine and Exocrine Organ

The pancreas is two in one: exocrine and endocrine gland. It is essential for digestion and the carbohydrate metabolism. Thus, a loss in pancreatic function leads to severe clinical symptoms. In this article, you will get a compact overview of the structure, functions, and diseases of the pancreas.

The Large Intestine: The Colon as an Important Part of the Digestive Tract

The large intestine (lat. intestinum crassum) is distally adjacent to the small intestine, extending from the ileo-caecal valve to the anus. It is divided into the caecum with vermiform appendix, colon, and rectum. Thus, it is forming the terminal part of the human digestive tract. Particularly relevant for the exam are the relation of distinct intestinal sections with regard to the peritoneum, the differences between large and small intestine, and the general understanding of anatomy and physiology. The overview below provides all important basics about the large intestine.

The Small Intestine – At the Center of Digestion

The small intestine (Latin: intestinum tenue) spans a range of about 3-5m from the pylorus of the stomach to the Bauhin’s valve located at the passage to the colon. This section of the digestive tract represents the body’s most essential site of nutrient uptake and water resorption. Understanding the small intestine’s structure and processes is a crucial part of any physician’s education. The following article comprehensively sums up the most important facts about this central part of the gastrointestinal tract and its three sections – the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The Liver – The Central Organ of Metabolism

The liver (Latin: Iecur, Greek: Hepar) is the generalist among all organs – acting universally as center of metabolism, storage unit, detoxifying- and excreting organ. Medical staff is frequently confronted with diseases such as liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and fatty liver. Therefore, anatomical and biochemical knowledge of the liver is part of every medicine student`s basic training. Read this compact overview on structure, functions and diseases of the liver.

The Kidney – The Urinary System’s Main Organ

The kidney (Latin: Ren, Greek: Nephrós) is the urinary system’s main organ. In order to understand the microscopic structure of this organ, it is useful to comprehend well its function. And for this, one has to learn about the different cell types and their structure. The nephron is the kidney’s functional unit and shall be particularly discussed here. After studying this article, you will be able to explain its components. These are the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and the collecting duct system. You will now read a short overview of the functions of the human kidney.

Ureter, Urethra, Urinary Bladder — The Urogenital System

The term urogenital system compromises the genital and urinary organs. Besides having different tasks, they have a common embryological origin and are often discussed in relation to each other in a clinical perspective. The following article focuses on the diverting urinary organs, therefore the part from the ureters to the urinary bladder up to the urethra is regarded. The physiology also attracts attention concerning the micturition process apart from the anatomic aspect.

Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is one of the largest and actively functioning endocrine glands. It is a highly vascular, brownish-red gland located in the visceral compartment of the anterior part of the neck, spanning between the C5 and T1 vertebrae.

Thyroid: Knowledge about the Endocrine Gland

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ that regulates important processes in the metabolism, growth and cardiac function. However, the function of the thyroid gland itself must also be controlled. In order to understand the causes and symptoms of over- and under-functions of the thyroid, you should understand the regulatory mechanisms and effects of thyroid hormones.

Rectum and Anal Canal – The End of the Digestive Tract

Rectum (in Latin: Rectum, in Greek: Proktos) and anal canal (in Latin: Canalis analis) form the straight intestine. They form a functional unit and are part of the digestive system, which controls defecation. If this function is disturbed, fecal incontinence occurs. Hemorrhoids and anal fistulas are also diseases of the straight intestine that a physician will often be faced with in practice. Read a compact outline about the structure, function and diseases of the final part of the digestive tract here.

The Oral Cavity – Starting Point of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The oral cavity (Latin: Cavitas oris) is the beginning of the human digestive tract. Its anatomy ranging from the lips to the pharynx; the salivary glands and their function; and the Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring are all popular topics in examinations. The articulation of sounds and food comminution with the teeth are two of the main functions of the oral cavity and the saliva of the mouth starts the process of breaking up food components. Pathological changes in the oral cavity, like redness in the area of the pharynx or bad breath, can be indications for certain clinical pictures. In this article, you will get a compact overview of all there is to know about the oral cavity.

Gastrointestinal Histology 02:39 h / 4 videos

Gastrointestinal Histology 12 topic reviews 12 free

Gastrointestinal Histology 8 questions 0 free
Urinary Histology 00:40 h / 1 videos

Urinary Histology 3 topic reviews 3 free

Urinary Histology 9 questions 0 free
Respiratory Histology 00:48 h / 9 videos 9 free

Respiratory Histology 0 topic reviews 0 free

Respiratory Histology 7 questions 7 free
Cardiovascular Histology 01:16 h / 18 videos 18 free

Cardiovascular Histology 0 topic reviews 0 free

Cardiovascular Histology 10 questions 10 free
Endocrine Histology 01:01 h / 6 videos 5 free

Endocrine Histology 4 topic reviews 4 free

Endocrine Histology 0 questions
Lymphoid Histology 00:43 h / 1 videos

Lymphoid Histology 1 topic reviews 1 free

Lymphoid Histology 5 questions 0 free
Reproductive Histology 02:31 h / 4 videos

Reproductive Histology 4 topic reviews 4 free

Reproductive Histology 29 questions 0 free
Sensory Histology 01:14 h / 2 videos

Sensory Histology 1 topic reviews 1 free

Sensory Histology 0 questions

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Histology: Human Organ Systems

Learn about the Histology of Human Organ Systems

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Your Educators of course Histology: Human Organ Systems

Geoffrey Meyer, PhD

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