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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 2nd-leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Almost all cases of CRC are adenocarcinoma and the majority of lesions come from the malignant transformation of an adenomatous polyp. As most CRCs are asymptomatic, screening is essential in detecting early disease. Screening is recommended to start at the age of 45 years, utilizing various screening tools available with colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and fecal tests among them. For high-risk individuals, earlier and more frequent screening is recommended. Other stool-based strategies and visualization tests are also available for CRC screening.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men. In the United States, the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer is approximately 11%, and the lifetime risk of death is 2.5%. Prostate cancer is a slow-growing cancer that takes years, or even decades, to develop into advanced disease. Several men with prostate cancer are asymptomatic. Late-stage cancer can present with bone pain, urinary symptoms, and/or weight loss. Most cases of prostate cancer are identified based on diagnostic tests to determine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and are confirmed based on image-guided transrectal biopsy. Management of prostate cancer depends on age, life expectancy, comorbidities, risk stratification, and preferences of the patient. Management options include active surveillance, androgen deprivation therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radical prostatectomy.

Prenatal Care

Prenatal care is a systematic and periodic assessment of pregnant women during gestation to assure the best health outcome for the mother and her fetus. Prenatal care prevents and identifies maternal and fetal problems that adversely affect the pregnancy outcome. Prenatal visits involve scheduled screening tests such as prenatal ultrasounds or blood glucose tests and measurements of fetal/maternal health metrics. These visits are also opportunities to educate pregnant women about pregnancy, labor, delivery, and parenting while providing psychological support to patients and their families.

Adult Health Maintenance

Health care maintenance is the examination of asymptomatic individuals and screening for any occult disease. The process provides an opportunity for disease prevention and early diagnosis and the possibility of preventing progression and complications. During a health care maintenance examination, the primary physician conducts a thorough personal, social, and family history with a comprehensive systematic review to uncover any relevant risk factors. A physical examination is performed, and relevant screening exams are recommended. Screening tests cover malignancies (breast, prostate, colon, lung) and other conditions, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Immunizations are administered if indicated. Different interventions are discussed to help reduce health risk factors, and health goals are set to determine future follow-up and monitoring.

Breast Cancer Screening

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the 2nd-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the United States. Early detection and improved pathology-specific treatments have resulted in a decrease in death rates. Several organizations provide recommendations regarding screening for specific age and risk groups. Screenings include breast examination, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US).

Lung Cancer Screening

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with 90% of cases being fatal. The vast majority of cases are associated with smoking, and thus smoking cessation is encouraged to reduce a patient’s lifetime risk. Annual screening with low-dose computed tomography is recommended for early detection in patients 50–80 years of age with a significant smoking history. This screening program has been shown to significantly reduce mortality.

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a disease characterized by malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the breast. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and 2nd most common cause of cancer-related death among women. Genetic factors, age, and hormonal and environmental influence contribute to the progression of the disease. The most common histologic type is infiltrating ductal carcinoma, which is > 75% of all breast cancers. Screening mammography is recommended for early disease detection. Diagnosis is by core needle biopsy, with biologic factors determined by immunohistochemical testing. Surgery, systemic treatment (chemotherapy, biologic therapy, endocrine therapy), and radiation therapy (RT) are part of the early-stage and locally advanced disease management. In metastatic breast cancer, systemic treatment is utilized with palliative measures.

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that arises from genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, with influence from environmental factors. Almost all cases of CRC are adenocarcinoma, and the majority of lesions come from the malignant transformation of an adenomatous polyp. Since most CRC cases are asymptomatic, screening colonoscopy or stool tests are generally recommended in patients ≥ 50 years of age. Along with screening, diagnosis is reached by colonoscopy, which allows visualization as well as tissue sampling. Treatment is primarily surgical, with chemotherapy reserved for advanced disease.

Prostate Cancer Screening

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men. In the United States, the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer is around 11%, and the lifetime risk of dying from this condition is 2.5%. Prostate cancer is a slow-growing cancer that takes years (even decades) to develop into advanced disease, and many men remain asymptomatic and die from other medical conditions.

Infant Care 14:25 min

Infant Care 12 quiz questions

Infant Care 0 articles
Child and Adolescent Care 15:34 min

Child and Adolescent Care 13 quiz questions

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Prenatal Care 11:18 min

Prenatal Care 11 quiz questions

Prenatal Care 1 article
Adult Health Maintenance 06:01 min

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Adult Health Maintenance 1 article
Breast Cancer 07:37 min

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Breast Cancer 2 articles
Colorectal Cancer 07:34 min

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Colorectal Cancer 2 articles
Prostate Cancer 08:55 min

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Prostate Cancer 2 articles
Lung Cancer 03:14 min

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Lung Cancer 1 article

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