Other Skin Diseases

Pregnancy is the time period between fertilization of an oocyte and delivery of a fetus approximately 9 months later. The 1st sign of pregnancy is typically a missed menstrual period, after which, pregnancy should be confirmed clinically based on a positive β-hCG test (typically a qualitative urine test) and pelvic ultrasound. There are numerous maternal adaptations to pregnancy, both anatomic and physiologic, which occur to help support the developing fetus and prepare the mother's body for ultimate delivery. Pregnancy is not a pathologic condition, but good routine prenatal care can help achieve the best outcomes for both the mother and infant. Prenatal care includes appropriate lab and ultrasound testing, anticipatory guidance, and offering solutions or advice for common pregnancy discomforts.

Melasma is a benign skin condition characterized by hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed regions due to excess melanin production and deposition. The condition mainly affects women during their reproductive years, particularly those with darker skin tones. Hyperpigmented patches typically occur on the face, especially the cheeks, chin, forehead, and upper lip. The diagnosis is clinical. Management includes sun protection and topical depigmenting agents.

Albinism refers to a group of inherited disorders that result in the disruption of melanin production, causing hypopigmentation and visual impairment. The condition is classified according to the clinical phenotype. Oculocutaneous albinism results in hypopigmentation of the skin, eyes, and hair. Ocular albinism affects only the eyes. The diagnosis is clinical. Management is mainly supportive, with sun protection being a key component. Patients with albinism have an increased risk of skin cancer and require frequent skin examinations.

Vitiligo is the most common depigmenting disorder and is caused by the destruction of melanocytes. The etiology is unknown; however, genetic and autoimmune factors may play a role. Patients present with hypo- or depigmented macules or patches which often occur on the face, hands, knees, and/or genitalia. The diagnosis is clinical. Management depends on the severity and can include sun protection, topical or oral steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, immunosuppressants, and phototherapy.