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Respiratory Failure: Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia and Hypoxia

The inspiration of oxygen and expiration of carbon dioxide are vital functions of the human body. A decrease in PO2 and increase in PCO2 can alter many normal physiologic processes, and may eventually be fatal. The human body has various reflex mechanisms to manage such changes. Understanding of these reflexes and identification and management of any impairment in them is essential in the management of many respiratory and renal diseases.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) — Phases and Treatment

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory reaction of the lung that is characterized by presence of pulmonary infiltrates due to alveolar fluid accumulation, without evidence suggestive of a cardiogenic etiology. SIRS and sepsis are the major causes of ARDS. The main finding of ARD is respiratory failure. Chest x-ray usually shows diffuse bilateral lung infiltrates described as " (“butterfly opacity”). Management depends mainly on treating the underlying etiology, and maintaining adequate oxygenation, which may requires intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Asthma (Bronchial Asthma) — Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment

It is the chameleon of pulmonology: With as many different clinical phenotypes, making a diagnosis isn’t always easy, and pathogenesis is complex. In the following article, you will find all the important information about one of the most common chronic diseases in human beings: bronchial asthma.

Acid Base Balance and its Disturbances: Acidosis and Alkalosis

Acid base balance in the body is mandatory for the proper functioning of body organs. Even a slight alteration in the level of acid or base may severely impact many organs. Balance between acid and base is controlled by different mechanisms occurring in lungs, kidneys and buffer systems. Acid base disturbances are classified into metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis based on the variations of blood pH and carbon dioxide exhalations respectively. They are diagnosed through blood test and lung function test after evaluation of respective symptoms and etiology behind.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (Pickwickian Syndrome) — Definition and Pathophysiology

The problem of obesity has already affected almost all corners of the world, thus causing emergence of syndromes and symptoms in all known diseases creating new comorbidities as well as separate ailments. Therefore, innovations and alterations in medical management of various illnesses are required. In 2015, approximately 1 in 3 adults on the planet were predicted to suffer from excess body mass (BMI>25kg/m2) and 10% of the world population was diagnosed as having obesity (BMI>30kg/m2). One of the syndromes that come with being obese is obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) stipulated by a quotidian alveolar hypoventilation (PCO2 >45mm Hg), while other conventional reasons for the condition are absent. OHS is the causative factor of intensive usage of hospital beds nowadays. In addition, it is a leading factor in the development of cardiorespiratory diseases.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) — Symptoms and Treatment

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined as episodic apnea, or cessation of breathing, during sleep, in which the period of apnea should last for more than 10 seconds. It is usually due to partial or complete collapse of the upper airway and is associated with snoring, restlessness, daytime headache and somnolence. The diagnosis relies on history and requires polysomnography for confirmation. Several medical as well as surgical treatment modalities are currently recommended and essential to prevent complications.

Diseases of the Chest Wall and Respiratory Muscles Disorders — Diagnosis and Management

The alteration of the lung volume, in the form of reduction of total lung capacity (TLC), is regarded to restrictive lung diseases; as a rule the diseases of the chest wall and muscles, neuromuscular apparatus stipulate it; also, there are parenchymal ailments that may adjust the respiratory function of the lungs. The former ones lead to the decrease of TLC and refer to extrapulmonary diseases, and vice versa, the latter ones cause elevated TLC, like in COPD and asthma.

Disorders of Respiratory Physiology 05:05 min

Disorders of Respiratory Physiology 3 questions

Disorders of Respiratory Physiology 1 article
Adult Respiratory Distress Disorders 03:42 min

Adult Respiratory Distress Disorders 3 questions

Adult Respiratory Distress Disorders 1 article
Patterns of Acid-base Disorders 05:46 min

Patterns of Acid-base Disorders 4 questions

Patterns of Acid-base Disorders 1 article
Treatment of Type 2 Respiratory Failure 03:36 min

Treatment of Type 2 Respiratory Failure 3 questions

Treatment of Type 2 Respiratory Failure 1 article
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 07:20 min

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 9 questions

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 1 article
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 02:51 min

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 1 question

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 1 article
Chest Wall and Muscle Disease 03:17 min

Chest Wall and Muscle Disease 2 questions

Chest Wall and Muscle Disease 1 article

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Other Respiratory Disorders

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Your Educators of course Other Respiratory Disorders

Jeremy Brown, PhD

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