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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory condition characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction. The disease is believed to result from the complex interaction of host and environmental factors that increase disease predisposition, with inflammation causing symptoms and structural changes. Patients typically present with wheezing, cough, and dyspnea. Diagnosis is confirmed with a pulmonary function test showing a reversible obstructive pattern. Treatment, based on symptom severity, includes bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids for control of inflammation. Biologic agents targeting inflammatory mediators have been developed for severe persistent asthma.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by recurrent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, causing hypoxia and fragmented sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is due to a partial or complete collapse of the upper airway and is associated with snoring, restlessness, sleep interruption, and daytime somnolence. The diagnosis relies on medical history, and polysomnography can confirm the diagnosis. Management includes lifestyle changes, methods of positive airway pressure, and surgical intervention.

COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019)

COVID-19, also known as Coronavirus disease, is a respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2). Transmission mainly occurs via direct contact or aerosol droplets. The disease may present asymptomatically or with fever and dry cough.

Diseases of the Chest Wall and Respiratory Muscles Disorders — Diagnosis and Management

The alteration of the lung volume, in the form of reduction of total lung capacity (TLC), is regarded to restrictive lung diseases; as a rule the diseases of the chest wall and muscles, neuromuscular apparatus stipulate it; also, there are parenchymal ailments that may adjust the respiratory function of the lungs. The former ones lead to the decrease of TLC and refer to extrapulmonary diseases, and vice versa, the latter ones cause elevated TLC, like in COPD and asthma.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (Pickwickian Syndrome) — Definition and Pathophysiology

The problem of obesity has already affected almost all corners of the world, thus causing emergence of syndromes and symptoms in all known diseases creating new comorbidities as well as separate ailments. Therefore, innovations and alterations in medical management of various illnesses are required. In 2015, approximately 1 in 3 adults on the planet were predicted to suffer from excess body mass (BMI>25kg/m2) and 10% of the world population was diagnosed as having obesity (BMI>30kg/m2). One of the syndromes that come with being obese is obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) stipulated by a quotidian alveolar hypoventilation (PCO2 >45mm Hg), while other conventional reasons for the condition are absent. OHS is the causative factor of intensive usage of hospital beds nowadays. In addition, it is a leading factor in the development of cardiorespiratory diseases.

Acid Base Balance and its Disturbances: Acidosis and Alkalosis

Acid base balance in the body is mandatory for the proper functioning of body organs. Even a slight alteration in the level of acid or base may severely impact many organs. Balance between acid and base is controlled by different mechanisms occurring in lungs, kidneys and buffer systems. Acid base disturbances are classified into metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis based on the variations of blood pH and carbon dioxide exhalations respectively. They are diagnosed through blood test and lung function test after evaluation of respective symptoms and etiology behind.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) — Phases and Treatment

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory reaction of the lung that is characterized by presence of pulmonary infiltrates due to alveolar fluid accumulation, without evidence suggestive of a cardiogenic etiology. SIRS and sepsis are the major causes of ARDS. The main finding of ARD is respiratory failure. Chest x-ray usually shows diffuse bilateral lung infiltrates described as " (“butterfly opacity”). Management depends mainly on treating the underlying etiology, and maintaining adequate oxygenation, which may requires intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Respiratory Failure: Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia and Hypoxia

The inspiration of oxygen and expiration of carbon dioxide are vital functions of the human body. A decrease in PO2 and increase in PCO2 can alter many normal physiologic processes, and may eventually be fatal. The human body has various reflex mechanisms to manage such changes. Understanding of these reflexes and identification and management of any impairment in them is essential in the management of many respiratory and renal diseases.

Disorders of Respiratory Physiology 05:01 min

Disorders of Respiratory Physiology 3 quiz questions

Disorders of Respiratory Physiology 2 articles
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 03:48 min

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 3 quiz questions

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 2 articles
Patterns of Acid-base Disorders 05:51 min

Patterns of Acid-base Disorders 4 quiz questions

Patterns of Acid-base Disorders 1 article
Treatment of Type 2 Respiratory Failure 03:35 min

Treatment of Type 2 Respiratory Failure 3 quiz questions

Treatment of Type 2 Respiratory Failure 1 article
Obstructive Sleep Apnea 07:24 min

Obstructive Sleep Apnea 8 quiz questions

Obstructive Sleep Apnea 1 article
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 02:57 min

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 1 quiz question

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 1 article
Chest Wall and Muscle Disease 03:19 min

Chest Wall and Muscle Disease 2 quiz questions

Chest Wall and Muscle Disease 1 article

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Other Respiratory Disorders

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Your Educators of course Other Respiratory Disorders

Jeremy Brown, PhD

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