Mycobacterium is a genus of the family Mycobacteriaceae in the phylum Actinobacteria. Mycobacteria comprise more than 150 species of facultative intracellular bacilli that are mostly obligate aerobes. Mycobacteria are responsible for multiple human infections including serious diseases, such as tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), leprosy (M. leprae), and M. avium complex infections. While lungs are the most common site of infection, mycobacteria can colonize and infect other organ systems including the lymph nodes, skin, sinuses, eyes, ears, bones, CNS, and urinary tract.