Chalazion
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Occurs due to gland blockage, which can be associated with: Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis Diagnosis is clinical based on the history and physical exam. Management Differential Diagnosis References
Retinal Vessel Occlusion
Anatomy The internal carotid artery enters the skull through the carotid foramen and branches into the ophthalmic artery, which further divides into: The central retinal artery; supplies the inner ⅔ of the retina) The posterior ciliary arteries (branch retinal artery); supply the outer ⅓ of the retina The central retinal vein Drains either into the […]
Retinal Detachment
Overview Definition Retinal detachment is the separation of the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Anatomy Retina: Innermost layer, containing photoreceptors that convert light stimuli into nervous impulses Rods: black-and-white vision (function in dim light) Cones: color vision (function in bright light) Optic retina Neural or neurosensory layer Contains the photoreceptor cells […]
Cataracts in Children
Overview Definition A cataract is a painless opacity of the lens that disrupts the light projecting onto the retina, resulting in a clouding of vision. Cataracts can cause partial or total blindness. Epidemiology Anatomy Lens: Etiology and Pathophysiology Cataracts by age of onset Cataracts by etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Initial assessment Ophthalmologic examination Other tests […]
Dacryocystitis
Overview Definition Dacryocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction and the subsequent stasis of tears. Anatomy and physiology Epidemiology Types of Dacryocystitis Based on etiology Nasolacrimal system obstruction is the main etiology. Based on onset Clinical Presentation Complications Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis References
Macular Degeneration
Overview Definition Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Anatomy Classification Epidemiology Pathophysiology Dry AMD Wet AMD Clinical Presentation Dry AMD Wet AMD Diagnosis Management Dry AMD Wet AMD Differential Diagnosis References
Cataracts in Adults
Overview Definition A cataract is a painless opacity of the lens that disrupts the light projecting onto the retina, resulting in a clouding of vision. It can cause partial or total blindness. Epidemiology Anatomy Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis Ophthalmologic examination Classification of diagnostic findings Posterior subcapsular cataracts Nuclear cataracts Cortical cataracts […]
Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Management Treatment depends on the stage, with multiple “vision-sparing” therapies available: Prognosis Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis includes any condition that can cause leukocoria. References
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Overview Epidemiology Retinopathy of prematurity is the leading cause of blindness in infants. The incidence of the disease is inversely proportional to: Gestational age of the patient Birth weight Risk factors Low birth weight Low gestational age Supplemental oxygen therapy Genetic predisposition Infections Congenital cardiac defects Pathophysiology Premature infants of low birth weight are at […]
Glaucoma
Overview Definition Epidemiology Physiology Types of glaucoma Open-angle Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Angle-closure Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnoses of glaucoma include the following conditions: References