Chalazion
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Occurs due to gland blockage, which can be associated with: Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis Diagnosis is clinical based on the history and physical exam. Management Differential Diagnosis References
Retinal Vessel Occlusion
Anatomy Etiology Central retinal artery occlusion/branch retinal artery occlusion Central retinal vein occlusion/branch retinal vein occlusion Exact causes are not known, although there is an association with the following conditions: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical presentation Central retinal artery occlusion Central retinal vein occlusion Diagnosis Diagnosis of both conditions is usually clinical but additional investigations […]
Retinal Detachment
Overview Definition Retinal detachment is the separation of the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Anatomy Retina: Epidemiology Categories and Risk Factors Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Pathophysiology Precursors of retinal detachment Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Sequela of retinal detachment Clinical Presentation Initial symptoms Progression to retinal detachment Table: […]
Cataracts in Children
Overview Definition A cataract is a painless opacity of the lens that disrupts the light projecting onto the retina, resulting in a clouding of vision. Cataracts can cause partial or total blindness. Epidemiology Anatomy Lens: Etiology and Pathophysiology Cataracts by age of onset Cataracts by etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Initial assessment Ophthalmologic examination Other tests […]
Dacryocystitis
Overview Definition Dacryocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction and the subsequent stasis of tears. Anatomy and physiology Epidemiology Types of Dacryocystitis Based on etiology Nasolacrimal system obstruction is the main etiology. Based on onset Clinical Presentation Complications Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis References
Macular Degeneration
Overview Definition Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Anatomy Classification Epidemiology Pathophysiology Dry AMD Wet AMD Clinical Presentation Dry AMD Wet AMD Diagnosis Management Dry AMD Wet AMD Differential Diagnosis References
Cataracts in Adults
Overview Definition A cataract is a painless opacity of the lens that disrupts the light projecting onto the retina, resulting in a clouding of vision. It can cause partial or total blindness. Epidemiology Anatomy Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis Ophthalmologic examination Classification of diagnostic findings Posterior subcapsular cataracts Nuclear cataracts Cortical cataracts […]
Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Management Treatment depends on the stage, with multiple “vision-sparing” therapies available: Prognosis Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis includes any condition that can cause leukocoria. References
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Overview Epidemiology Risk factors Pathophysiology Premature infants of low birth weight are at risk of developing hyperoxia during their care; this can lead to: Classification International classification of retinopathy uses a number of parameters to describe the disease: Table: Stages of retinopathy of prematurity Stages Characteristics 1 A demarcation line between the vascular and avascular […]
Glaucoma
Overview Definition Epidemiology Physiology Types of glaucoma Open-angle Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Angle-closure Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnoses of glaucoma include the following conditions: References