Aortic Regurgitation
Overview Definition Aortic regurgitation (AR) or aortic insufficiency: Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Acute AR Chronic AR Clinical Presentation Acute AR Chronic AR Symptoms: Signs: Audio: This audio clip is an example of aortic regurgitation. It is characterized by a blowing, decrescendo murmur occurring right after S2. Diagnosis Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Electrocardiogram (ECG) Chest […]
Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Management Treatment depends on the stage, with multiple “vision-sparing” therapies available: Prognosis Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis includes any condition that can cause leukocoria. References
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Overview Epidemiology Risk factors Pathophysiology Premature infants of low birth weight are at risk of developing hyperoxia during their care; this can lead to: Classification International classification of retinopathy uses a number of parameters to describe the disease: Table: Stages of retinopathy of prematurity Stages Characteristics 1 A demarcation line between the vascular and avascular […]
Glaucoma
Overview Definition Epidemiology Physiology Types of glaucoma Open-angle Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Angle-closure Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnoses of glaucoma include the following conditions: References
Diseases of the Uvea
Overview Definition Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, which comprises the iris, ciliary body, and the choroid. Anatomy Types Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical presentation Diagnosis Diagnosis is made by dilated fundus examination and slit-lamp examination. Scleral depression is an additional maneuver […]
Lichen Planus
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Cutaneous LP Cutaneous variants by morphology Oral LP Genital LP Other forms of LP Diagnosis History and clinical findings Mucocutaneous biopsy Other tests Management Supportive therapy First-line pharmacologic therapy Second-line pharmacologic therapy Differential Diagnosis References
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
Overview Definitions Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) Types Location Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Contributing factors Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis History Diagnostic tests Management Non-surgical management of aortic aneurysms Management of asymptomatic patients Degenerative ascending or aortic root aneurysm Descending aortic aneurysm Annual CTA/MRA (echocardiography to follow valvular disease if needed) 3.5–4.4 cm 4–4.9 cm Biannual […]
Cirrhosis
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Leading causes of cirrhosis in resource-abundant countries: Overview of potential causes: Pathophysiology General Cirrhosis is liver damage that is characterized by diffuse distortion of the basic liver architecture and replacement with scar tissue and regenerative nodules. Secondary effects Classification The Child-Pugh score is used to estimate life expectancy. It serves […]
Blepharitis
Overview Definition Anatomy Types Pathophysiology and Etiology Pathophysiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis References
Chorioretinitis
Overview Definition Anatomy Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Infectious Chorioretinitis Congenital toxoplasmosis Acquired toxoplasmosis Active infection Reactivated infection Congenital CMV retinitis Acquired CMV retinitis Tuberculosis Toxocariasis Syphilis Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) Non-infectious Chorioretinitis Sarcoidosis Behcet disease Birdshot retinochoroidopathy MEWDS Diagnosis Prenatal diagnosis Laboratory tests and imaging Guided by: Dilated fundus examination and […]