Reproductive Embryology

Congenital malformations are developmental disorders that arise before birth during the embryonic (2nd - 8th week of development) or fetal period (9th - 38th week of development) (from the Latin congenitus = "born with"). The cause may be genetic or contingent on external influences. The rate of incidence for children born alive is approximately 3%. Toxic agents that may cause embryonic damage and malformations are called teratogens, and the study of the cause and characteristics of inherent malformations is called teratology (Gr. teras = monstrosity, marvel). Infections such as rubella, medications like thalidomide, drugs such as alcohol and tobacco, or radiation are all teratogens.

Genital development in the embryonic period can be divided into the development of the gonads, the genital ducts, and the external genitals. It is a popular subject in anatomy exams, which often poses questions concerning the minutest details – as genital development has a decisive impact on the development of human beings, both in the pre-/postnatal state and on into adulthood.