Fat Necrosis of the Breast
Overview Definition Fat necrosis is a benign breast lesion that results from injury to the breast tissue. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Mechanisms of injury: Tissue response: Clinical presentation Diagnosis History Physical exam Imaging Management Differential Diagnosis References
Endometriosis
Overview Definition Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial glands and stroma implant outside of the uterus. These implants can be highly inflammatory but are generally not malignant. Epidemiology Risk factors Pathophysiology Contributing factors Theories about the establishment of implants Sites of ectopic implantation Causes of pain Clinical Presentation General considerations Pelvic pain Infertility Ovarian […]
Breast Cancer
Overview Epidemiology Risk factors Unmodifiable factors that increase the risk: Modifiable risk factors: Mnemonics: “BReast-CAncer 1 and 2” = Mutated genes are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Histologic classification Non-invasive: Invasive: Other clinical forms: Molecular classification Based on expression of: Molecular types: Pathophysiology Familial breast cancer Sporadic breast cancer Clinical Presentation Clinical findings In areas […]
Ectopic Pregnancy
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Ectopic pregnancy (EP) can occur when the fertilized egg does not enter the uterine cavity by way of the fallopian tube by the 5th to 6th day of gestation. Clinical Presentation Ectopic pregnancy can present before, during, or after rupture. Early on (prior to rupturing), symptoms can be relatively mild, […]
Benign Breast Conditions
Nonproliferative Epithelial Breast Lesions Definition Nonproliferative breast lesions are conditions generally not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Simple breast cyst Mild hyperplasia of the usual type Papillary apocrine change Proliferative Epithelial Lesions without Atypia Definition In proliferative breast lesions without atypia, the development of breast cancer is 1.5–2 times the risk of […]
Fibroadenoma
Definition, Epidemiology, and Etiology Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis The following conditions are differential diagnoses of fibroadenomas: References
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Overview Epidemiology Classification Hydatidiform Mole Hydatidiform moles are characterized by cystic swelling of the chorionic villi and proliferation of the chorionic epithelium. There are 2 types: complete mole and partial mole. Complete mole Partial mole Karyotype 46,XX or 46,XY Triploid (69,XXX, 69,XXY, or 69,XYY) Formed from Enucleated egg and a single sperm 2 sperm and […]