Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Source Secreted in response to Function Etiology and Pathophysiology Table: Causes of acquired SIADH Major causes Examples Central nervous system causes Stroke Subarachnoid hemorrhage Infection: Meningitis Encephalitis Trauma Neoplasms Small cell lung cancer Head and neck cancers Pulmonary causes Pneumonia Tuberculosis Atelectasis Medications Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine SSRIs Vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, cisplatin MAOIs Haloperidol […]
Osteoarthritis
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Classification and etiology Risk factors Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Commonly affected joints Symptoms Physical exam Diagnosis Imaging Osteoarthritis is a clinical diagnosis that is confirmed with imaging. Supporting workup The following tests are not used for the diagnosis of OA, but are used to exclude other causes of arthritis. Management The goals of […]
Sjögren Syndrome
Overview Definition Sjögren syndrome (SS), also known as sicca syndrome, is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory condition leading to decreased lacrimal and salivary gland function, resulting in dry eyes (xerophthalmia) and mouth (xerostomia). Epidemiology Etiology Primary SS: Secondary SS: Presents in association with another autoimmune disease: Pathophysiology The overall mechanism for SS is unclear: Clinical […]
Paget Disease of Bone
Overview Definition Paget disease of bone (PDB, also known as osteitis deformans) is a disorder of bone metabolism affecting the aging skeleton. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Pathogenesis PDB osteoclasts Gross pathology Microscopic pathology Clinical Presentation Over 70% of cases are asymptomatic. Pain Bone deformities and fractures Sites involved rarely change over a patient’s lifetime. Complications of […]
Lipoma
Overview Definition Lipoma is a benign neoplasm of fat cells (adipocytes). Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Anatomic sites: Morphology: Histology: Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis History: Physical exam: Imaging: Endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): Biopsy: Management Expectant management: appropriate for small (< 5 cm) subcutaneous asymptomatic lipomas Surgical excision: Complications of surgery: […]
Cardiac Arrest
Overview Definition Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the abrupt cessation of cardiac activity. Epidemiology Risk factors Etiology and Clinical Presentation Cardiac causes of cardiac arrest Non-cardiac causes of cardiac arrest Mnemonics The 5 Hs and 5 Ts of the common reversible causes of SCA: Clinical presentation Cardiac Rhythms Four major cardiac rhythms are associated with […]
Tonsillitis
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Viral infection Bacterial infection Fungal infection Diagnosis The diagnosis is clinical, as it is based on history and examination findings. Initial assessment Tests Group A Streptococcus infection: Work-up for other etiologies: Management Ancillary treatment Viral infection Group A Streptococcus infection Other bacterial infections Candidal infection (oropharyngeal thrush) Clinical […]
Reactive Arthritis
Overview Definition Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an autoimmune, post-infectious, seronegative spondyloarthritis. Mnemonic The seronegative arthropathies can be remembered as “PAIR.” Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Articular manifestations Onset is acute, within 1–4 weeks of an inciting infection. Peripheral arthritis: Enthesopathy: Tendonitis and periostitis: Dactylitis: Sacroiliitis: Extra-articular manifestations Ocular: Genitourinary: Mucocutaneous: GI: Cardiac: Clinical triad This classic […]
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Overview Definition Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a communication between the right atrium (RA) and the left atrium (LA) secondary to a defect in the development of the atrial septum during embryogenesis. Atrial septal defect is usually a benign condition and is classified as an acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). Classification Atrial septal defects are […]
Colorectal Cancer
Overview Epidemiology Risk factors Etiology Colorectal polyps Types of polyps: High-risk polyps: Cancer development Most polyps are benign. Malignant transformation is affected by a series of mutations and environmental factors. Mutations: APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene: Pathophysiology APC Adenomatous polyposis coli is an initial gene mutation. Molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis Multiple genetic hits are required […]