Validity and Reliability

Causality is defined as the cause-and-effect relationship between two or more events or variables. The idea that all things in the universe have a cause-and-effect relationship between them has been held since antiquity, usually established by careful argumentation and reasoning. This is still the case in multiple areas of study today, but in clinical research these relationships are ascertained via mathematical methods.

In this course, the student will be given an overview of the understanding of causality in epidemiology, as well as the concepts of internal and external validity and reliability, with explanations of how these are calculated.

For optimal understanding, the student is required to be familiar with the basics of arithmetic, algebra, and epidemiology. Since some concepts may be very abstract to some, it’s encouraged to rewatch some video lectures until the concepts are fully grasped.