Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders (Clinical)
Overview Definitions[11,12,14] Classification[9,12] The American Psychiatric Association (APA)’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM-5)[9] currently: According to the DSM-5, to use the “with peripartum onset” modifier, the onset of symptoms must occur during pregnancy or within 4 weeks PP (rather than within 1 year, which is commonly considered in clinical practice). Epidemiology[1,13,15] Impact Risk […]
Antepartum Testing and Monitoring
Overview Definition Antepartum testing Antepartum monitoring General indications There are many indications for fetal monitoring and/or screening, including: Maternal indications Fetal indications Screening Tests Routine pregnancy laboratory and imaging studies All pregnant women should have certain screening laboratory tests and imaging studies done at different points during the pregnancy, including: At the 1st OB appointment: […]
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Overview Definitions Pelvic organ prolapse (POP): a general term referring to prolapse of 1 or more of the pelvic organs (e.g., bladder, uterus, rectum) into the vaginal canal Visualizing POP Visualizing POP, especially apical POP, can be difficult. Etiology Prolapse is due to weakness and insufficiency of the pelvic floor, which normally keeps organs in […]
Fetal Growth Restriction
Overview Definition Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is the term used to describe fetuses with an estimated fetal weight (EFW) or abdominal circumference < 10th percentile for gestational age. Epidemiology Classification The most commonly recognized classifications of FGR are as follows: Symmetrical FGR: Asymmetrical FGR: Other less commonly used classifications include: Etiology Many potential causes and […]
Breastfeeding
Structure and Development of the Female Breast During Pregnancy Structure of the female breast Growth and development of breasts in pregnancy Significant growth and maturation of the breasts occur during pregnancy as a result of hormonal secretion by the placenta. Physiology of Lactation Milk synthesis Milk ejection Ejection of milk requires the pituitary hormone oxytocin. […]
Complications during Childbirth
Episiotomy and Laceration Repairs Perineal anatomy The perineum is the space between the vaginal and anal orifices. Lacerations Lacerations are spontaneous tears that occur due to the trauma of the infant passing through the vaginal canal during delivery. Episiotomy An episiotomy is an intentional 3–5-cm incision made by the delivering provider to enlarge the vaginal […]
Normal and Abnormal Labor
Overview Definition: Normal labor Labor is defined as regular uterine contractions that cause cervical dilation and effacement, leading to delivery of the fetus and the products of conception. Characteristics of normal labor include: There are subtle differences in normal labor between primiparous and multiparous women (reviewed below). Monitoring progress of labor Labor progress is followed […]
Ovarian Cancer
Overview Definition Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the ovarian tissues. Epidemiology Risk factors Protective factors Several common factors significantly reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, including: Classification Overview of ovarian tumor classification Table: Summary of ovarian cancer classification Proportion of primary malignant ovarian tumors Commonly affected age group Major types Epithelial tumors […]
Endometrial Hyperplasia and Endometrial Cancer
Overview Definition Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a state of excessive proliferation of endometrial cells, resulting in an increased gland-to-stroma ratio. Endometrial carcinoma (EC) refers to excessive proliferation of endometrial cells that are capable of invading surrounding tissues and metastasizing to distant sites. Epidemiology Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the developed world […]
Vaginal Cancer
Overview Definition Primary vaginal cancer is a malignant tumor arising from tissue of the vagina. Anatomy review The vagina is: Histologic classification Vaginal malignancies may be either primary (originating from the vagina itself) or metastatic to the vagina from other primary sites. Primary vaginal cancers: The most common subtypes of primary vaginal cancer (originating in […]