Labial and Genital Herpes
Definition Genital herpes is a mucocutaneous ulcerative disease caused by either herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2. HSV-1: HSV-2: Epidemiology Etiology Causative agent: herpes simplex virus Transmission Risk factors Pathophysiology Primary infection Primary infection occurs when the virus travels through tiny breaks or even microscopic abrasions in the skin or mucous membranes in […]
Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever)
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Transmission Pathogenesis After ingestion of Salmonella Typhi: Clinical Presentation Infection with S. Typhi results in typhoid (or enteric ) fever. Typhoid fever is a severe systemic illness associated with fever and abdominal pain. The incubation period is 5–21 days. Three-phase or -week progression (if untreated) Clinical course Findings Week 1 Bacteremia Gradually rising fever […]
Pharyngitis
Etiology Pharyngitis is defined as inflammation of the pharynx and surrounding structures. Most cases are due to an infectious organism acquired from close contact with an infected individual. Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Centor score: estimates the probability that pharyngitis is streptococcal and suggests management course for adults Laboratory diagnosis: Identification of beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection is of […]
Haemophilus
Classification General Characteristics General characteristics of Haemophilus species: Virulence factors of Haemophilus species: Haemophilus influenzae The table below summarizes the major clinical manifestations as well as symptoms and at-risk populations for H. influenzae infection. Pathogen Population at risk Symptoms H. influenzae Meningitis Infants 3–18 months of age Rare due to vaccine Predominantly caused by strains […]
Sinusitis
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Viral Bacterial Clinical Presentation General manifestations Viral sinusitis Viral sinusitis usually presents in a milder form and lasts 7–10 days. Bacterial sinusitis Fungal sinusitis Fungal sinusitis usually presents chronically, with atypical symptoms (epistaxis, dyspnea, and black/brown nasal secretions). Complications and/or associated conditions Diagnosis Diagnosis is usually based on clinical […]
Pericarditis
Definition and Classification Definition Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the double-layered sac surrounding the heart. Clinical classification is based on duration. Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Idiopathic (most common) After exclusion of other causes Viral infection Coxsackievirus B Influenza HIV Echovirus Bacterial infection Tuberculosis (most common cause worldwide) Streptococcus species (rheumatic fever) Lyme […]