Brucela/Brucelosis

Características Generales de la Brucella

Características generales

• Cocobacilos gramnegativos
• Intracelular facultativo
• Aerobio
• Requiere dióxido de carbono (CO₂)
• No es móvil
• No tiene cápsula
• No forma esporas
• Oxidasa y ureasa positiva
• Requiere medios enriquecidos como agar sangre o agar chocolate (medio bifásico Brucella Brucella Brucellosis (also known as undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, or Malta fever) is a zoonotic infection that spreads predominantly through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or direct contact with infected animal products. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgias, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Brucella/Brucellosis/Castañeda)
  • Mejora con sangre o suero
  • Temperatura óptima: 35–37°C (95–98,6°F)

Especies clínicamente relevantes

• B. melitensis B. melitensis A species of the genus brucella whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than brucella abortus and may cause fatal infections. Brucella/Brucellosis
• B. abortus B. abortus A species of the genus brucella whose natural hosts are cattle and other bovidae. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected. Brucella/Brucellosis
• B. suis B. suis A species of gram-negative bacteria, primarily infecting swine, but it can also infect humans, dogs, and hares. Brucella/Brucellosis
• B. canis B. canis A species of gram-negative bacteria infecting dogs, the natural hosts, and causing canine brucellosis. It can also cause a mild infection in humans. Brucella/Brucellosis

Epidemiología y Factores de Riesgo

Epidemiología

• Es la infección zoonótica más común a nivel mundial y un importante problema de salud pública en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muchos países en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum desarrollo:
  • Zonas endémicas:
    • Mediterráneo
    • Oriente Medio
    • Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries Central
    • China
    • México
    • Centroamérica y Suramérica
  • Poco común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos, se observa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • California
    • Florida
    • Texas
    • Virginia
• Prevalencia:
  • A nivel mundial: aproximadamente 500 000 casos anuales
  • Estados Unidos: 100–200 casos anuales
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aumento debido al AL Amyloidosis turismo internacional y la migración
• Afecta a todos los LOS Neisseria grupos de edad

Ocupaciones de alto riesgo

• Veterinarios
• Productores de leche
• Pastores
• Trabajadores de los LOS Neisseria mataderos
• Personal de laboratorio

Patogénesis

Reservorios

• Ovejas, cabras, camellos → B. melitensis B. melitensis A species of the genus brucella whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than brucella abortus and may cause fatal infections. Brucella/Brucellosis
• Ganado → B. abortus B. abortus A species of the genus brucella whose natural hosts are cattle and other bovidae. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected. Brucella/Brucellosis
• Cerdo → B. suis B. suis A species of gram-negative bacteria, primarily infecting swine, but it can also infect humans, dogs, and hares. Brucella/Brucellosis
• Perros → B. canis B. canis A species of gram-negative bacteria infecting dogs, the natural hosts, and causing canine brucellosis. It can also cause a mild infection in humans. Brucella/Brucellosis

Transmisión

• Ingestión de productos animales no pasteurizados (la más común)
• Contacto de la piel con las membranas mucosas de los LOS Neisseria tejidos o fluidos de animales infectados
• Inhalación de partículas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aerosol (más común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria trabajadores de laboratorio)
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum raras ocasiones, transmisión de persona a persona

Factores de virulencia

• Lipopolisacárido
  • Inhibe:
    • Fusión fagosomal y destrucción lisosomal → permite la supervivencia intracelular
    • Deposición de complemento
  • “No clásico”
    • Menos tóxico que en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum otras especies de bacterias
    • Inductor débil del sistema inmunológico
• Superóxido dismutasa y catalasa: proporciona defensa contra la actividad de la explosición oxidativa → permite la supervivencia intracelular
• Sistema de secreción de tipo IV
  • Complejo multiprotéico
  • Permite que Brucella Brucella Brucellosis (also known as undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, or Malta fever) is a zoonotic infection that spreads predominantly through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or direct contact with infected animal products. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgias, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Brucella/Brucellosis llegue y se replique dentro del retículo endoplásmico de la célula

Fisiopatología

• Las bacterias se translocan a través del epitelio de la mucosa.
• Fagocitada por los LOS Neisseria macrófagos
  • Aproximadamente el 10% de las bacterias sobreviven.
  • La replicación se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el retículo endoplásmico.
• Se transportan al AL Amyloidosis sistema linfático → se diseminan por todo el cuerpo
• Las hemolisinas permiten la liberación de las bacterias en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el macrófago → apoptosis Apoptosis A regulated cell death mechanism characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA, at regularly spaced, internucleosomal sites, I.e., DNA fragmentation. It is genetically-programmed and serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. Ischemic Cell Damage celular → desencadena una respuesta inmune
• Los LOS Neisseria antígenos son presentados a los LOS Neisseria linfocitos T → producción de citoquinas
  • Activación de los LOS Neisseria macrófagos → ↑ efecto bactericida
  • Atrae más células inmunológicas → formación de granulomas Granulomas A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. Sarcoidosis
• Los LOS Neisseria anticuerpos y los LOS Neisseria linfocitos NK desempeñan un papel menor en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la respuesta inmune.

Presentación Clínica

Signos y síntomas generales

• El periodo promedio de incubación es de 2–4 semanas.
• Síntomas:
  • “Fiebre ondulante”
    • Viene en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum oleadas
    • Puede variar la presentación
    • Persiste de 1‒5 semanas
  • Sudoración nocturna: asociada a un fuerte olor a moho
  • Malestar
  • Artralgias
  • Cefalea
  • Pérdida de apetito
  • Pérdida de peso
  • Los LOS Neisseria síntomas pueden desaparecer y luego reaparecer tras semanas o meses
• Exámenes físicos (no específicos):
  • Hepatomegalia
  • Esplenomegalia
  • Linfadenopatía dolorosa

Complicaciones

• Osteoarticulares (70% de los LOS Neisseria pacientes):
  • Artritis
  • Sacroilitis
  • Espondilitis
  • Osteomielitis
• Genitourinarias:
  • Orquitis
  • Epididimitis
  • Cistitis
  • Nefritis intersticial y glomerulonefritis
  • ↑ Riesgo de aborto espontáneo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo
• Neurobrucelosis:
  • Meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis
  • Encefalitis
  • Neuritis
  • Absceso cerebral
• Cardiovasculares:
  • Endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis (principal causa de muerte)
  • Miocarditis
  • Pericarditis Pericarditis Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation. It can be caused by infection (often viral), myocardial infarction, drugs, malignancies, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disorders, or trauma. Acute, subacute, and chronic forms exist. Pericarditis
• Pulmonares:
  • Bronquitis
  • Neumonitis intersticial
  • Neumonía
  • Derrame pleural
• Abdominales:
  • Colecistitis
  • Absceso hepático
  • Absceso esplénico
  • Pancreatitis Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of chronic pancreatitis. The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are alcoholic pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis
  • Ileítis y colitis Colitis Inflammation of the colon section of the large intestine, usually with symptoms such as diarrhea (often with blood and mucus), abdominal pain, and fever. Pseudomembranous Colitis
• Ocular: uveítis
• Cutánea: erupción (presentación variable Variable Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups. Types of Variables)

Pueden producirse recaídas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 4%–24% de los LOS Neisseria pacientes, normalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el plazo de un año.

Diagnóstico

Algoritmo de diagnóstico

Pruebas diagnósticas

• Cultivo
  • Definitivo
  • Los LOS Neisseria hemocultivos suelen obtenerse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todos los LOS Neisseria pacientes.
  • La médula ósea se considera el estándar de oro (más sensible).
  • Requiere técnicas de cultivo especiales
• Prueba de aglutinación de suero en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum tubo
  • Mide los LOS Neisseria anticuerpos contra un antígeno de Brucella Brucella Brucellosis (also known as undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, or Malta fever) is a zoonotic infection that spreads predominantly through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or direct contact with infected animal products. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgias, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Brucella/Brucellosis (lipopolisacárido liso)
  • Titulos de evolución (cuadruplicación del nivel entre el suero agudo y el de convalecencia obtenidos con una diferencia de ≥ 2 semanas)
    • Proporciona un diagnóstico definitivo
    • Limitado por el tiempo requerido
  • Títulos positivos que proporcionan un diagnóstico presuntivo:
    • > 1:160 fuera de las regiones endémicas
    • > 1:320 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las regiones endémicas
  • No se puede utilizar para B. canis B. canis A species of gram-negative bacteria infecting dogs, the natural hosts, and causing canine brucellosis. It can also cause a mild infection in humans. Brucella/Brucellosis
• Ensayo Inmunoabsorbente Ligado a Enzimas ( ELISA ELISA An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus)
  • Sensibilidad y especificidad comparables a las de la prueba de aglutinación de suero en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum tubo
  • Pruebas de inmunoglobulinas contra proteínas citoplasmáticas
• Aglutinación de rosa de Bengala
  • Puede utilizarse como herramienta de detección
  • Rápida
• Reacción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cadena de la polimerasa ( PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR))
  • Detecta el ADN de Brucella Brucella Brucellosis (also known as undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, or Malta fever) is a zoonotic infection that spreads predominantly through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or direct contact with infected animal products. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgias, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Brucella/Brucellosis
  • Puede proporcionar un diagnóstico presuntivo

Estudios adicionales

Las pruebas realizadas se guían por la presentación clínica del paciente y cualquier preocupación por las complicaciones.

• Pruebas de laboratorio (no específicas)
  • Hemograma:
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types
    • Leucopenia con linfocitos ↑.
    • Trombocitopenia
  • ↑ Pruebas de función hepática
  • Líquido sinovial:
    • Puede analizarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con artritis
    • Recuento de leucocitos ≤ 15 000 células/µL
    • El cultivo hará crecer Brucella Brucella Brucellosis (also known as undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, or Malta fever) is a zoonotic infection that spreads predominantly through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or direct contact with infected animal products. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgias, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Brucella/Brucellosis
  • LCR:
    • Puede analizarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con afectación neurológica
    • 10‒200 leucocitos con predominio de células mononucleares
    • ↑ Proteína
    • Pueden realizarse pruebas de anticuerpos o de aglutinación.
  • Análisis de orina
    • ↑ Leucocitos
    • Brucella Brucella Brucellosis (also known as undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, or Malta fever) is a zoonotic infection that spreads predominantly through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products or direct contact with infected animal products. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgias, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Brucella/Brucellosis puede ser cultivada.
• Imagenología
  • Radiografías
    • Artritis
    • Neumonitis intersticial, derrame pleural o neumonía
  • Tomografía computarizada (TC)
    • Absceso
  • Resonancia magnética (RM)
    • Espondilitis
    • Osteomielitis
  • Ecocardiografía
    • Endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis
    • Miocarditis

Tratamiento y Prevención

Tratamiento

• Antibióticos
  • Adultos: doxiciclina más rifampicina durante 6 semanas, o doxiciclina durante 6 semanas más estreptomicina (2-3 semanas) o gentamicina (7-14 días).
  • Niños < 8 años: trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol más rifampicina
  • Neurobrucelosis: ceftriaxona más rifampicina y doxiciclina durante 12 semanas
  • Endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis: aminoglucósido más rifampicina y doxiciclina durante 12 semanas
• 5%–15% de los LOS Neisseria pacientes recaen.
  • Todos los LOS Neisseria pacientes deben tener un estrecho seguimiento clínico.
  • Repetir los LOS Neisseria estudios serológicos durante 1 año.
  • Tratar la recaída con un curso repetido del régimen antibiótico estándar.
• La inmunidad dura solo 2 años después de la enfermedad.

Prevención

• La brucelosis es una enfermedad de declaración obligatoria.
• Profilaxis postexposición para pacientes de alto riesgo: doxiciclina más rifampicina
• Evite los LOS Neisseria productos lácteos no pasteurizados.
• Utilice guantes, batas y gafas cuando manipule animales y cadáveres.
• Vacunación del ganado (no administrar a los LOS Neisseria humanos, ya que puede provocar infección)

Comparación de los Cocobacilos Gramnegativos

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Malaria Malaria Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease affecting humans and other animals. Most commonly transmitted via the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito infected with microorganisms of the Plasmodium genus. Patients present with fever, chills, myalgia, headache, and diaphoresis. Plasmodium/Malaria: infección debida a Plasmodium Plasmodium A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are plasmodium falciparum; plasmodium malariae; plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium vivax. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: plasmodium berghei; plasmodium chabaudi; p. Vinckei, and plasmodium yoelii in rodents; p. Brasilianum, plasmodium cynomolgi; and plasmodium knowlesi in monkeys; and plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens. Antimalarial Drugs. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes pueden presentar fiebre periódica similar a la brucelosis. Otros síntomas son rigores, sudores nocturnos, diarrea, dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal, convulsiones, anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica y esplenomegalia. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante la visualización de Plasmodium Plasmodium A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are plasmodium falciparum; plasmodium malariae; plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium vivax. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: plasmodium berghei; plasmodium chabaudi; p. Vinckei, and plasmodium yoelii in rodents; p. Brasilianum, plasmodium cynomolgi; and plasmodium knowlesi in monkeys; and plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens. Antimalarial Drugs en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un frotis periférico y con la detección de antígenos de Plasmodium Plasmodium A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are plasmodium falciparum; plasmodium malariae; plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium vivax. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: plasmodium berghei; plasmodium chabaudi; p. Vinckei, and plasmodium yoelii in rodents; p. Brasilianum, plasmodium cynomolgi; and plasmodium knowlesi in monkeys; and plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens. Antimalarial Drugs en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pruebas rápidas. El tratamiento con antimaláricos depende de la especie.
• Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. The bacteria usually attack the lungs but can also damage other parts of the body. Approximately 30% of people around the world are infected with this pathogen, with the majority harboring a latent infection. Tuberculosis spreads through the air when a person with active pulmonary infection coughs or sneezes. Tuberculosis: infección por micobacterias, que suele afectar a los LOS Neisseria pulmones. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas incluyen fiebre, sudores nocturnos, pérdida de peso, malestar y tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. El diagnóstico se realiza con un frotis de esputo y un cultivo que detecta bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes. El tratamiento consiste en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una terapia combinada con isoniazida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol.
• Endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis: afección inflamatoria del endocardio, generalmente debida a una infección. Las válvulas del corazón suelen estar afectadas. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes se presentan con fiebre y un nuevo soplo cardíaco. La endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis se diagnostica con hemocultivos y ecocardiografía. Se requiere tratamiento con antibióticos prolongado para las causas infecciosas, y puede ser necesaria la cirugía.
• Fiebre tifoidea: una enfermedad sistémica causada por Salmonella enterica Salmonella enterica A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals. Salmonella serotipo Typhi. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes pueden tener fiebre alta, dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal y manchas rosas (erupción) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo. A diferencia de la brucelosis, la fiebre tifoidea se manifiesta predominantemente con síntomas gastrointestinales. El diagnóstico se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la presentación clínica y se confirma con el cultivo. Los LOS Neisseria antibióticos se utilizan para tratar la fiebre tifoidea, e incluyen ceftriaxona, fluoroquinolonas y azitromicina.
• Fiebre reumática: una complicación inflamatoria no supurativa de la faringitis estreptocócica. La enfermedad es poco común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria países desarrollados. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes pueden tener fiebre alta, artritis, pancarditis y eritema marginado, y a menudo tienen síntomas precedentes de dolor Dolor Inflammation de garganta o infección de la piel. El diagnóstico se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la presentación clínica, los LOS Neisseria criterios de Jones modificados y las pruebas de laboratorio. El tratamiento incluye aspirina, corticosteroides y antibióticos.