Vitaminas Liposolubles y sus Deficiencias

Descripción General

Definición

Las vitaminas son sustancias orgánicas importantes que se requieren para las funciones metabólicas normales. Estas sustancias no pueden ser sintetizadas por el cuerpo; deben ser ingeridos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la dieta. Se dividen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vitaminas hidrosolubles y liposolubles.

• Las vitaminas liposolubles de mayor importancia clínica son las vitaminas A, D, E y K.
• Las deficiencias y el uso excesivo de estas vitaminas pueden dar lugar a manifestaciones clínicas.
• Las recomendaciones de ingesta se enumeran como U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (cantidad diaria recomendada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria Estados Unidos, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés), que es el nivel diario promedio de ingesta suficiente para satisfacer los LOS Neisseria requisitos de nutrientes de casi todas las personas sanas (97%–98%).
• Puede haber circunstancias especiales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lactantes o ancianos o pacientes embarazadas.

Absorción y almacenamiento

Las vitaminas liposolubles se absorben de los LOS Neisseria intestinos junto a la grasa. En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum general, este proceso requiere:

• Lipasas linguales y gástricas
• Sales biliares para solubilización y producción de micelas.
• Lipasas pancreáticas
• Absorción por la mucosa intestinal
• Empaquetamiento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum quilomicrones dentro de las células de la mucosa intestinal
• Los LOS Neisseria quilomicrones se envían al AL Amyloidosis hígado a través de los LOS Neisseria linfáticos para su procesamiento.
• Las vitaminas liposolubles se almacenan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tejido adiposo.

Grupos con mayor riesgo de deficiencia

Para todas las vitaminas liposolubles, los LOS Neisseria pacientes con problemas de malabsorción de grasas tienen un mayor riesgo de deficiencia. Estas condiciones incluyen:

• Insuficiencia pancreática (resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lipasa insuficiente) por fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans quística, pancreatitis Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of chronic pancreatitis. The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are alcoholic pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis crónica o pancreatectomía
• Enfermedad hepática colestásica (resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum bilis insuficiente)
• Enfermedad celíaca
• Enfermedad de Crohn
• Síndrome del intestino corto
• Pacientes con antecedentes de algunos tipos de cirugía bariátrica

Vitamina A: Retinoides

Formas

Conocidas como retinoides, la vitamina A se presenta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum varias formas activas y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum varias formas precursoras:

• Retinol y ésteres de retinilo: forma de almacenamiento
• Retinal: parte del complejo de rodopsina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células de bastón (responsables de la detección de luz y movimiento)
• Ácido retinoico: importante para la diferenciación celular
• Betacaroteno: un precursor de la vitamina A

Funciones

• Visión:
  • Rodopsina y retinal juegan un papel importante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la visión nocturna.
  • El todo-trans-retinol es el precursor → convertido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 11-cis-retinal por enzimas.
  • Se convierte en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todo-trans-retinal cuando se absorbe un fotón.
  • Este cambio conformacional activa la transducina, lo que finalmente resulta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cierre de los LOS Neisseria canales de calcio → disminuye la liberación de neurotransmisores
  • ↓ Neurotransmisores: señal al AL Amyloidosis cerebro de que se ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia detectado luz
  • Para recordar que la vitamina A es importante para la visión, piense en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum “ retina Retina The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outermost layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. Eye: Anatomy” en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el ojo.
• Diferenciación celular:
  • El ácido retinoico afecta la expresión génica y la diferenciación celular.
  • Crítico para el desarrollo de los LOS Neisseria ojos, el corazón, los LOS Neisseria pulmones y los LOS Neisseria riñones.
• La vitamina A también interviene en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Epitelización de la piel
  • Crecimiento
  • Función inmune
  • Reproducción
• La vitamina A es un antioxidante.

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento.

• Las diferentes formas de vitamina A se absorben en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado a partir de la dieta.
• Estas diferentes formas se hidrolizan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum retinol en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el borde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cepillo de la mucosa intestinal.
• Los LOS Neisseria retinoles se vuelven a esterificar, se incorporan a los LOS Neisseria quilomicrones y luego se excretan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria vasos linfáticos, donde se trasladan al AL Amyloidosis hígado.
• La mayor parte del retinol corporal total se almacena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado.

Requerimientos diarios

Las cantidades diarias recomendadas típicas para la vitamina A son:

• Niños ≤8 años (varía según la edad exacta): 300–500 µg
• Niños de 9–13 años: 600 µg
• Mujeres ≥14 años: 700 µg (más alto si está embarazada o lactando)
• Varones ≥14 años: 900 µg

Fuentes dietéticas

Principalmente de alimentos amarillos y naranjas:

• Fuentes más altas: hígado y aceite de pescado.
• Otras fuentes animales:
  • Lácteos
  • Yemas de huevo
• Vegetales color naranja:
  • Zanahorias
  • Patatas dulces
  • Calabaza
• Otros alimentos rojos/amarillos:
  • Melón
  • Mangos
  • Tomates
  • Pimientos rojos
• Vegetales de hoja verde:
  • Espinacas
  • Brócoli

Síntomas de deficiencia

Los LOS Neisseria principales síntomas clínicos de preocupación están relacionados con la visión:

• Síntomas visuales:
  • Mala visión nocturna (nictalopía)
  • Ojo seco (xeroftalmía)
  • Ceguera
• Hiperqueratosis (piel escamosa) y destrucción de los LOS Neisseria folículos pilosos
• Crecimiento óseo deficiente debido a la disminución de la formación de hueso endocondral y la actividad osteoblástica
• Deterioro de la función del sistema inmunitario debido al AL Amyloidosis efecto directo sobre las células T

Grupos con mayor riesgo de deficiencia

La deficiencia de vitamina A es poco común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria países desarrollados, pero se puede encontrar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria siguientes grupos:

• Recién nacidos prematuros
• Niños y mujeres embarazadas y lactantes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum países en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum desarrollo
• Pacientes con malabsorción de grasas.

Usos terapéuticos

Las formas de vitamina A se usan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum tratamientos para las siguientes condiciones:

• Leucemia mieloide aguda
• Acné: se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum medicamentos tópicos y orales.
• Sarampión (para niños en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum países en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum desarrollo; parece reducir la mortalidad)

Toxicidad

Por lo general, ocurre solo con la ingestión crónica de grandes cantidades de fuentes sintéticas o animales de vitamina A (aproximadamente 10 veces la dosis diaria recomendada). La absorción de betacaroteno (fuentes vegetales) está altamente regulada y es muy poco probable que cause toxicidad. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas de toxicidad incluyen:

• Náuseas
• Cefalea
• Vértigo
• Visión borrosa
• Teratogenicidad si se usa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes embarazadas (e.g., isotretinoína utilizada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tratamiento del acné)
• Hepatotoxicidad

Vitamina D: Calciferol

Técnicamente, la vitamina D es una hormona porque se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo, mientras que las vitaminas reales no se producen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo. La vitamina D₃ se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la piel de todos los LOS Neisseria vertebrados cuando se exponen al AL Amyloidosis sol, mientras que la D₂ la producen algunos hongos (e.g., setas) y se puede consumir en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de alimento o suplemento.

Funciones

Las funciones más importantes de la vitamina D están relacionados con el calcio y el fosfato:

• Promueve la absorción de calcio y fosfato en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria intestinos.
• Estimula los LOS Neisseria osteoblastos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hueso y mejora la mineralización ósea.
• Está involucrada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
  • Función inmune e inflamación.
  • Metabolismo de la glucosa y el colesterol
  • Crecimiento celular, proliferación, diferenciación y apoptosis Apoptosis A regulated cell death mechanism characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA, at regularly spaced, internucleosomal sites, I.e., DNA fragmentation. It is genetically-programmed and serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. Ischemic Cell Damage

Absorción, síntesis, transporte y almacenamiento.

La exposición al AL Amyloidosis sol es muy importante para la conversión a una forma activa.

• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la piel, la exposición a la luz ultravioleta provoca un reordenamiento dependiente de la temperatura del 7-dehidrocolesterol, convirtiéndolo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vitamina D₃ (colecalciferol).
• La vitamina D₃ se hidroxila en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado a 25-hidroxivitamina D₃ (25(OH)D₃):
  • También conocido como calcidiol calcidiol The major circulating metabolite of vitamin d3. It is produced in the liver and is the best indicator of the body’s vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. Calcium Hemostasis and Bone Metabolism, calcifediol y 25-hidroxicolecalciferol
  • 25(OH)D₃ es la principal forma circulante de vitamina D en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo y es lo que se mide en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pruebas de laboratorio.
  • Vida media: 2–3 semanas
• La 25(OH)D₃ sufre una segunda hidroxilación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el riñón y forma la 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D₃ (1,25(OH)D₃) fisiológicamente activa:
  • También conocido como calcitriol Calcitriol The physiologically active form of vitamin d. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. Parathyroid Glands: Anatomy.
  • Forma más activa
  • Vida media: 4–6 horas
• La vitamina D₂ (ergocalciferol) es sintetizada por hongos, sufre dos hidroxilaciones y tiene una actividad biológica similar a la 1,25(OH)D₃.
• Ambas vitaminas D₂ y D₃ se pueden absorber en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria intestinos:
  • Absorbidas a través de difusión pasiva simple y proteínas transportadoras de membrana
  • La grasa mejora la absorción
  • La vitamina D se incorpora a las micelas, es absorbida por los LOS Neisseria enterocitos y se empaqueta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum quilomicrones.

Requerimiento diario

Las pautas varían en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todo el mundo y para algunas sociedades profesionales. Las cantidades diarias sugeridas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria Estados Unidos son:

• Lactantes: 400 UI (10 µg)
• Personas de 1–70 años de edad, incluidas mujeres embarazadas o lactantes: 600 UI (15 µg)
• Personas ≥71: 800 UI (20 µg)

Fuentes de vitamina D

• La principal fuente de vitamina D es la exposición a la luz solar:
  • 5–30 minutos de exposición al AL Amyloidosis sol del mediodía en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cara, los LOS Neisseria brazos, las manos y las piernas
  • Los LOS Neisseria protectores solares bloquean los LOS Neisseria rayos UV que producen vitamina D, pero muchas personas no se aplican cantidades suficientes para bloquear toda la síntesis de vitamina D.
• La vitamina D no se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la leche materna.
• Pocos alimentos contienen vitamina D; algunos que incluyen:
  • Pescado graso (trucha, salmón, atún y caballa) y aceites de hígado de pescado
  • Hongos (vitamina D₂)
• Los LOS Neisseria productos lácteos fortificados proporcionan la mayor parte de la vitamina D en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la dieta estadounidense:
  • Alternativas de leche y bebida vegetal (e.g., bebida de soja, almendras o avena)
  • Zumo de naranja
  • Cereal
  • Fórmula infantil

Grupos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum riesgo de deficiencia de vitamina D

• Dietas bajas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vitamina D; estos son más comunes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum personas que:
  • Tiene alergia a la leche o intolerancia a la lactosa.
  • Consumen dietas restrictivas (e.g., veganas)
• Lactantes amamantados
• Adultos mayores: la piel no sintetiza eficientemente la vitamina D₃.
• Personas con exposición solar limitada.
• Personas de piel oscura: la melanina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la capa epidérmica de la piel reduce la capacidad de producir vitamina D a partir de la luz solar.
• Condiciones que causan malabsorción de grasas
• Obesidad (IMC ≥30): la vitamina D se encuentra secuestrada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria tejidos subcutáneos, lo que ↓ los LOS Neisseria niveles circulantes.
• Insuficiencia renal crónica: alteración de la hidroxilación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria riñones

Síntomas de deficiencia

La deficiencia moderada e incluso grave de vitamina D es muy frecuente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todo el mundo y es necesaria una ingesta suficiente para la salud ósea y general. Con deficiencia severa, puede presentarse lo siguiente:

• Hipofosfatemia, hipocalcemia e hiperparatiroidismo secundario → desmineralización ósea
• Raquitismo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum niños; se presenta con:
  • Huesos débiles o blandos
  • Retraso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el crecimiento
  • Piernas arqueadas y dificultad para caminar
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation óseo
• Osteomalacia Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of vitamin d; phosphorus; or calcium homeostasis. Osteomalacia and Rickets en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum adultos:
  • Presentación similar a la del raquitismo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum niños
  • Mayor riesgo de fractura ósea

Toxicidad

• Hipervitaminosis D: provoca una mayor absorción de calcio en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tracto gastrointestinal, lo que puede causar hipercalcemia, que puede conducir a:
  • Náuseas y vómitos
  • Debilidad muscular
  • Trastornos neuropsiquiátricos
  • Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa
  • Deshidratación, polidipsia, poliuria y cálculos renales
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos extremos, la toxicidad de la vitamina D provoca:
  • Insuficiencia renal
  • Calcificación de tejidos blandos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todo el cuerpo (incluidos los LOS Neisseria vasos coronarios y las válvulas cardíacas)
  • Arritmias cardíacas

Vitamina E: Tocoferoles

La vitamina E es un grupo de compuestos que incluye tocoferoles y tocotrienoles. La vitamina E es un importante antioxidante que se sintetiza únicamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las plantas.

Formas

Hay 8 formas químicas de tocoferol:

• α-, β-, ɣ- y Δ-tocoferol
• α-, β-, ɣ- y Δ-tocotrienol
• Solo el α-tocoferol tiene actividad significativa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum humanos.

Funciones

La vitamina E es el equivalente liposoluble de la vitamina C (que es hidrosoluble), ya que actúa como antioxidante. La vitamina E es un eliminador de radicales libres y puede donar electrones y está involucrada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:

• Oxidación de ácidos grasos
• Respiración celular
• Prolongar la vida de los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos al AL Amyloidosis eliminar los LOS Neisseria radicales libres
• Proteger los LOS Neisseria lípidos de la membrana de la peroxidación.
• Inhibición indirecta del metabolismo del ácido araquidónico → inhibición de la agregación plaquetaria
• Inhibir la proteína quinasa C, que está implicada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la proliferación y diferenciación celular

Absorción y transporte

• Ingerida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la dieta, digerida por enzimas, absorbida por las células de la mucosa intestinal y empaquetada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum quilomicrones
• Los LOS Neisseria quilomicrones transportan la forma de α-tocoferol de la vitamina E al AL Amyloidosis hígado a través del sistema linfático.
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos, el α-tocoferol se empaqueta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum VLDL y se secreta al AL Amyloidosis torrente sanguíneo.

Requerimiento diario

Las cantidades diarias requeridas para la vitamina E son:

• Lactantes y niños: los LOS Neisseria requisitos aumentan de 4 mg al AL Amyloidosis nacer a 7 mg a los LOS Neisseria 8 años
• Niños de 9–13 años: 11 mg
• Personas ≥14, incluidas mujeres embarazadas: 15 mg al AL Amyloidosis día
• Mujeres lactantes: 19 mg

Fuentes dietéticas

• Germen de trigo
• Nueces y semillas (especialmente almendras, maní y mantequilla de maní)
• Aceites vegetales:
  • Aceite de oliva
  • Aceite de girasol
  • Aceite de cártamo
• Cereales fortificados

Deficiencia

• Muy rara en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum humanos
• Puede verse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con:
  • Malabsorción de grasas
  • Trastorno genético raro llamado “ ataxia Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. Ataxia-telangiectasia y deficiencia de vitamina E”
• Manifestaciones clínicas:
  • Signos neuromusculares de ataxia Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. Ataxia-telangiectasia y neuropatía periférica
  • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica

Usos terapéuticos y relevancia clínica

• La suplementación está indicada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con deficiencia de vitamina E.
• Los LOS Neisseria suplementos de vitamina E se han estudiado en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muchas enfermedades y no son recomendados actualmente como tratamiento o prevención para cualquier condición que no sea la deficiencia de vitamina E.

Toxicidad

• Mayor riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico debido a la capacidad de la vitamina E para inhibir la agregación plaquetaria y antagonizar los LOS Neisseria factores de coagulación dependientes de la vitamina K
• Mayor riesgo de cáncer de próstata en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hombres
• Pequeño aumento del riesgo de mortalidad por todas las causas

Vitamina K: Quinona

La vitamina K se consume en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la dieta y es sintetizada por la flora intestinal normal. Los LOS Neisseria recién nacidos no pueden producir vitamina K porque tienen un intestino estéril.

Formas

• Vitamina K₁: filoquinona, forma dietética primaria
• Vitamina K₂: menaquinona, principalmente de bacterias, incluidas las bacterias del tracto gastrointestinal humano

Funciones

• La vitamina K es una coenzima activa para la glutamato carboxilasa, que carboxila factores importantes que intervienen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la coagulación:
  • Factores procoagulantes II, VII, IX y X; después de la carboxilación, estas proteínas ganan afinidad por las plaquetas y promueven la coagulación de la sangre.
  • Anticoagulantes: proteínas C y S
• La vitamina K también actúa como cofactor de múltiples proteínas involucradas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la mineralización ósea.

Absorción y transporte

• Ingerida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la dieta, digerida por enzimas, absorbida por las células de la mucosa intestinal y empaquetada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum quilomicrones
• Reempaquetada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum VLDL para su secreción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre.
• Rápidamente metabolizada y excretada (muy poca vitamina K circula en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre)

Requerimientos diarios

Las cantidades diarias recomendadas para la vitamina K son:

• Lactantes: 2–2,5 µg/día
• Niños de 1–3 años: 30 µg
• Niños de 4–13 años: 55-60 µg
• Adolescentes de 14–18 años: 75 µg/día
• Mujeres adultas (incluso durante el embarazo y la lactancia): 90 µg/día
• Hombres adultos: 120 µg/día

Fuentes dietéticas

• Se encuentra principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vegetales de hojas verdes:
  • Col rizada y grelos
  • Espinacas
  • Kale
  • Brócoli
• Otras fuentes dietéticas con cantidades más bajas incluyen:
  • Soja y aceite de soja
  • Arándanos
  • Pollo

Deficiencia

La deficiencia de vitamina K es extremadamente rara, pero debido a que bloquea la carboxilación de la proteína esencial para la coagulación de la sangre, una deficiencia grave puede provocar problemas de sangrado.

• Síntomas clínicos de sangrado por deficiencia de vitamina K:
  • Equimosis (moretones fáciles)
  • Melena Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling feces that contain degraded blood. Gastrointestinal Bleeding o hematoquecia (hemorragia digestiva)
  • Menorragia
  • Hematuria Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. Renal Cell Carcinoma
• Diagnóstico:
  • Las pruebas de laboratorio del tiempo de protrombina y el índice internacional normalizado (INR, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) se realizan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum caso de sospecha de deficiencia.
  • Estas mismas pruebas se utilizan para controlar el estado de anticoagulación con el medicamento anticoagulante warfarina.
• La deficiencia crónica también puede conducir a una mineralización ósea reducida.
• Las deficiencias son más comunes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes:
  • Con malabsorción de grasas
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cursos largos de antibióticos, lo que afecta a las bacterias intestinales.

Usos terapéuticos y relevancia clínica

• Los LOS Neisseria recién nacidos deben recibir una inyección intramuscular de vitamina K al AL Amyloidosis nacer para prevenir el sangrado (el transporte de vitamina K a través de la placenta Placenta A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (chorionic villi) derived from trophoblasts and a maternal portion (decidua) derived from the uterine endometrium. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (placental hormones). Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Cavity es deficiente).
• La suplementación con vitamina K es fundamental en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con nutrición parenteral total.
• La vitamina K en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la dieta (como comer verduras o en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un suplemento) interfiere con el medicamento anticoagulante warfarina ( Coumadin Coumadin An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin k-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. Anticoagulants), que es un antagonista de la vitamina K.
  • Los LOS Neisseria pacientes que toman warfarina como anticoagulante deben mantener una ingesta dietética estable y evitar grandes variaciones diarias de verduras.
  • La vitamina K es el antídoto contra el exceso de anticoagulación.
• Se utiliza para revertir el envenenamiento por rodenticidas, que contienen altas dosis de cumarina.

Toxicidad

• La U.S. Food and Nutrition Board (Junta de Alimentos y Nutrición de los LOS Neisseria Estados Unidos, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) de la National Academy of Medicine (Academia Nacional de Medicina, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) no ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia establecido límites máximos seguros para la vitamina K.
• La U.S. Food and Nutrition Board afirma: “No se han informado efectos adversos asociados con el consumo de vitamina K de alimentos o suplementos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum humanos o animales”.
• Una forma sintética soluble en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum agua de vitamina K, conocida como menadiona, se usó anteriormente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum bebés prematuros y se asoció con anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types hemolítica e ictericia. Esta formulación ya no está disponible.