Virus de la Hepatitis B

Clasificación

Características Generales

Estructura

• Taxonomía: familia Hepadnaviridae Hepadnaviridae A family of hepatotropic DNA viruses which contains double-stranded DNA genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. There are two genera: avihepadnavirus and orthohepadnavirus. Hepadnaviruses include hepatitis B virus, duck hepatitis B virus, heron hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B Virus, género Orthohepadnavirus Orthohepadnavirus A genus of hepadnaviridae causing hepatitis in humans, woodchucks (hepatitis B virus, woodchuck) and ground squirrels. Hepatitis B virus is the type species. Hepatitis B Virus
• ADN: circular (icosaédrico) y parcialmente bicatenario con un segmento corto monocatenario
• Pequeño (30–42 nm)
• Se conocen 10 genotipos diferentes.

Características

• Causa hepatitis aguda y crónica
• La infección se puede prevenir mediante la vacunación (95% de eficacia).
• Una de las causas más comunes de la cirrosis hepática

Epidemiología y Patogénesis

Epidemiología

• El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus ( HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) es la hepatitis viral más común a nivel mundial.
• La mayor prevalencia: Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries, África subsahariana, Sudamérica y Oriente Medio
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos:
  • Aproximadamente 2 millones de personas tienen infección crónica por HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus.
  • Prevalencia muy baja en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum niños < 12 años de edad

Transmisión

• El único reservorio del HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus: los LOS Neisseria humanos
• Relaciones sexuales sin protección: ⅔ de los LOS Neisseria casos
• Parenteral: e.g., agujas compartidas para drogas intravenosas, pinchazos accidentales con agujas
• De madre a hijo: más frecuente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum zonas de alta prevalencia

Factores de riesgo del huésped

• Personas que se inyectan drogas
• Relaciones sexuales sin protección con múltiples parejas
• Hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres
• Infección por VIH
• Hemodiálisis
• Bebés nacidos de madres seropositivas al AL Amyloidosis HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus
• Profesiones con exposición a sangre humana o fluidos seminales/vaginales
• Personas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hemodiálisis o receptores de transfusiones de órganos/sangre

Fisiopatología

• El HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus infecta las células hepáticas que expresan péptidos virales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la superficie → los LOS Neisseria péptidos activan los LOS Neisseria linfocitos (linfocitos T citotóxicos CD8⁺) → los LOS Neisseria leucocitos establecen una respuesta inmunitaria celular contra las células hepáticas infectadas → destrucción de los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos → inflamación del hígado
• Replicación primaria:
  • Exposición a fluidos corporales infecciosos → replicación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la mucosa → torrente sanguíneo (1ra viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum)
  • Llega al AL Amyloidosis hígado por tropismo tisular (hepatotrópico por reconocimiento de receptores)
  • Captación viral por los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos a través de un receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana plasmática
  • La replicación se da en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células de Kupffer (macrófagos hepáticos):
    • Entrada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula: El VHB infecta las células hepáticas y el virión libera la cadena de ADN circular relajado de doble hebra ( rcDNA rcDNA Hepatitis B Virus) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el citoplasma.
    • Formación de ADN circular covalentemente cerrado (ADNcc): El rcDNA rcDNA Hepatitis B Virus pasa al AL Amyloidosis núcleo y se convierte en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cccDNA (la plantilla para la transcripción).
    • Transcripción: ADNccc → se transcribe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ARNm y ARN pregenómico (ARNp) por la polimerasa II de la célula huésped en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el núcleo.
    • Traducción: El ARN se traduce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum transcriptasa inversa y proteínas virales (por ejemplo, antígeno del núcleo de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus (HBcAg), antígeno e de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus (HBeAg)) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el citoplasma; se ensambla la cápside viral.
    • Encapsidación: El ARNp, las proteínas y la nucleocápside se encapsulan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la partícula central del virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology.
    • Transcripción inversa: En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cápside recién formada se produce la transcripción inversa del ARN.
    • A través de la actividad de la transcriptasa inversa, se sintetiza ADN del VHB de cadena negativa, seguido de ADN del VHB de cadena positiva.
    • Algunas nucleocápsidas con ADN del VHB parcialmente bicatenario pueden volver al AL Amyloidosis núcleo (reciclaje) para producir más ADNc.
    • Ensamblaje: Las membranas del retículo endoplásmico o del aparato de Golgi con el antígeno de superficie de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus (HbsAg) rodean el núcleo de la nucleocápside ensamblando el virión.
    • Liberación: Los LOS Neisseria viriones completos son secretados por exocitosis.
  • Las partículas virales recién enrolladas se excretan al AL Amyloidosis torrente sanguíneo e infectan los LOS Neisseria fluidos corporales.
  • La lesión hepática está relacionada con la inmunidad (no hay citotoxicidad viral):
    • Respuesta inmunológica a la infección
    • Acompañada de infiltración linfocítica portal y periportal → grado variable Variable Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups. Types of Variables de necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage

Presentación Clínica

Infección aguda

• Tiempo de incubación: 1–6 meses
• ⅔ de los LOS Neisseria individuos con infección aguda son asintomáticos.
• ⅓ de los LOS Neisseria individuos desarrollan síntomas de hepatitis aguda:
  • Náuseas y vómitos
  • Ictericia
  • Fiebre
  • Astenia
  • Orina oscura
  • Dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal
  • Mialgias y artralgias
• Duración de los LOS Neisseria síntomas: a menudo solo unas semanas
• Falla hepática fulminante ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum < 0,5% de los LOS Neisseria casos
• La muerte es poco común.

Infección crónica

• Aproximadamente el 5% de los LOS Neisseria casos adquiridos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la adultez muestran una infección viral persistente.
• Cuando la infección se adquiere a una edad más temprana, la rata de progresión a hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus crónica es más alta:
  • 90% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum infección adquirida prenatalmente
  • 20-50% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la infección adquirida a partir de los LOS Neisseria 1-5 años de edad
• Puede provocar una exacerbación aguda de la enfermedad crónica
• Reactivación aguda:
  • Asintomática
  • Puede imitar el curso de una infección aguda
  • Puede desarrollar insuficiencia hepática
  • Desencadenantes:
    • Puede ocurrir espontáneamente
    • Terapia inmunosupresora (e.g., cáncer, trasplante de órganos)
• Cirrosis
• Carcinoma hepatocelular
• Manifestaciones extrahepáticas:
  • Vasculitis Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the arteries; veins; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:
    • Panarteritis Panarteritis Giant Cell Arteritis nodosa
    • Síndrome de Sicca
    • Síndrome de Raynaud
    • Uveítis
  • Neuritis y polineuropatía
  • Glomerulonefritis
  • Erupciones cutáneas

Diagnóstico

Marcadores virales

• Antígeno de superficie de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus (HBsAg, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés):
  • Aumento en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus aguda, la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus crónica y los LOS Neisseria portadores asintomáticos
  • Detectable 1-10 semanas después de la exposición → posibles resultados falsos negativos
  • Persistencia por > 6 meses indica infección crónica
• Anticuerpo de superficie de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus ( anti-HBs anti-HBs Hepatitis B Virus, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés):
  • Anticuerpo correspondiente al AL Amyloidosis HBsAg
  • Marcador de recuperación de la infección
• Antígeno de núcleo de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus (HBcAg, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés): no se utiliza de forma rutinaria en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las pruebas para HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus
• Anticuerpo del núcleo de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus ( anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés):
  • Anticuerpo correspondiente al AL Amyloidosis HBcAg
  • Parámetro común de tamizaje que indica el contacto con el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus
  • Anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus total: no diferencia entre infección aguda, crónica o pasada
  • Anti-HBc-IgM: infección aguda por el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus
  • Anti-HBc-IgG: siempre detectable tras el contacto con el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus (inespecífico)
• Antígeno de la envoltura de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus (HBeAg, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés): indicador de la replicación viral activa
• Anticuerpo e de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus (anti-HBe, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés):
  • Anticuerpo correspondiente al AL Amyloidosis HBeAg
  • Indica la transición a la recuperación de la infección por el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus
• ADN de HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus:
  • Medición de la carga viral
  • Se utiliza para controlar la eficacia de la terapia antiviral Antiviral Antivirals for Hepatitis B
  • > 20 UI/mL indica replicación del virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology → el individuo es contagioso

Exámenes de laboratorio

Monitoreo de la infección por el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus:

• Realizar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria siguientes casos: síntomas de hepatitis aguda, alto riesgo de exposición, y/o mayor riesgo de evolución grave de la enfermedad
• HBsAg:
  • Detectable entre 1–6 meses después de la infección
  • Es posible que la infección temprana no se descubra.
• Anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus: típicamente solicitado como anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus total ( los LOS Neisseria cuales son IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions e IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
• Si anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus es positivo → infección aguda o crónica por el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus aguda:

• HBsAg positivo
• Anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus positivo
• Anti-HBs anti-HBs Hepatitis B Virus negativo
• ↑ Transaminasas

Personas vacunadas contra el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus:

• HBsAg negativo
• Anti-HBs anti-HBs Hepatitis B Virus positivo
• Anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus negativo

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus crónica:

• HBsAg positivo durante > 6 meses
• Anti-HBc anti-HBc Hepatitis B Virus positivo
• Anti-HBe y anti-HBs anti-HBs Hepatitis B Virus negativo
• El HBeAg puede estar elevado.
• Niveles variables de ADN del VHB (desde indetectable hasta varios miles de millones de UI/mL)

Parámetros adicionales

• El hallazgo característico de la enfermedad aguda temprana es el ↑ de transaminasas:
  • Alanino aminotransferasa ( ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests) y aspartato aminotransferasa ( AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests): 1 000–2 000 IU/mL
  • ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests > AST AST Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of l-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests
• Gamma glutamil transpeptidasa ( GGT GGT An enzyme, sometimes called ggt, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of glutathione; (gsh, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid. Alcoholic Liver Disease) y fosfatasa alcalina ( ALP ALP An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. Osteosarcoma, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés): generalmente ↑ pero < 3 veces el límite superior de la normalidad
• Velocidad de eritrosedimentación (VES): puede estar ↑
• Signos de enfermedad grave:
  • Hemólisis
  • Trombocitopenia
  • ↑ Índice internacional normalizado (INR, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)

Tratamiento y Prevención

Tratamiento

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus aguda:

• No se dispone de una terapia específica
• El tratamiento es de soporte.
• La inmunoglobulina contra la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus y la vacuna contra la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus se recomiendan para los LOS Neisseria miembros del hogar y los LOS Neisseria contactos sexuales no inmunes.

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus crónica:

• Tratamiento de 1ra línea:
  • Interferón alfa pegilado (PEG-IFN-α, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
  • Entecavir Entecavir Anti-HIV Drugs
  • Tenofovir Tenofovir An adenine analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and hepatitis b. It is used to treat HIV infections and chronic hepatitis b, in combination with other antiviral agents, due to the emergence of antiviral drug resistance when it is used alone. Anti-HIV Drugs disoproxil fumarato
  • Indicaciones:
    • La positividad del ADN del VHB (dependiente del nivel) se correlaciona con la elevación de la ALT ALT An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and l-glutamate. Liver Function Tests y el HBeAg
    • Cirrosis
    • Insuficiencia hepática aguda
    • Reactivación del HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus crónico durante o después de la quimioterapia
    • Inmunosupresión
  • Objetivos del tratamiento:
    • Reversión de la enfermedad hepática
    • ↓ Niveles de ADN del HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus
    • Seroconversión al AL Amyloidosis anti-HBe
  • Contraindicaciones:
    • Enfermedad mental
    • Cirrosis descompensada (e.g., ascitis, encefalopatía)
    • Afecciones autoinmunes
    • Leucopenia o trombocitopenia
    • Disfunción renal
    • Trasplante reciente de órganos
    • Abuso de alcohol
• Trasplante hepático: la única opción de tratamiento curativo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos de enfermedad hepática terminal

Prevención

Tamizaje:

• Todos los LOS Neisseria adultos (mayores de 18 años) al AL Amyloidosis menos una vez en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la vida
• Lesiones por aguja (e.g., personal médico, usuarios de drogas intravenosas)
• Embarazadas (tamizaje durante cada embarazo).
• Recién nacidos de madres con infección activa conocida por VHB.
• Los LOS Neisseria individuos con mayor riesgo deben someterse a tamizaje periódico, incluyendo:
  • Historial de infecciones de transmisión sexual
  • Historial de infección por hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection can be transmitted through infectious blood or body fluids and may be transmitted during childbirth or through IV drug use or sexual intercourse. Hepatitis C virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging from a mild to a serious, lifelong illness including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis C Virus
  • Procedentes de zonas con prevalencia media-alta del VHB
  • Necesidad de hemodiálisis
  • Uso de drogas inyectables
  • Historia de encarcelamiento
  • Múltiples parejas sexuales
  • Hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres

Vacunación:

• Vacuna contra el HBV HBV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of types of exposure include sexual intercourse, IV drug use, and childbirth. Hepatitis B Virus: activa, produce inmunidad a largo plazo
• Para lactantes:
  • Serie de 3 dosis
  • Administrada a los LOS Neisseria 0, 1 y 6 meses
• Para adultos: serie de 2 dosis (con 1 mes de diferencia)
• La vacuna combinada contra la hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. HAV causes an acute, highly contagious hepatitis with unspecific prodromal symptoms such as fever and malaise followed by jaundice and elevated liver transaminases. Hepatitis A Virus + B también está disponible en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum series de 3 dosis.

Profilaxis postexposición:

Las opciones dependen del estado de inmunización:

• La administración de la profilaxis depende de:
  • El estado de inmunización del individuo afectado
  • La respuesta del individuo afectado a la vacunación (e.g., la respuesta documentada tiene anti-HBs anti-HBs Hepatitis B Virus ≥ 10 mIU/mL)
  • El estado de HBsAg del individuo fuente (persona cuyos fluidos corporales han sido la fuente de una exposición significativa)
• Las opciones de profilaxis incluyen:
  • Inmunización activa (vacunación contra la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus)
  • Inmunización pasiva (inmunoglobulina contra la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus)
  • Inmunización activa y pasiva combinada
  • Ninguna inmunización

Tabla Comparativa de los Virus de la Hepatitis

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Enfermedad hepática alcohólica: patología hepática que se produce debido a un consumo excesivo y prolongado de alcohol. El 1er estadio es el hígado graso asintomático, que es reversible. El 2do estadio es la hepatitis alcohólica, que suele presentarse con ictericia, fiebre y dolor Dolor Inflammation en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuadrante superior derecho. La cirrosis hepática se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el 3er estadio. El diagnóstico se establece mediante los LOS Neisseria antecedentes, las pruebas de función hepática y la imagenología.
• Lesión hepática inducida por medicamentos: se produce cuando los LOS Neisseria medicamentos ingeridos lesionan directamente los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos de forma predecible y dependiente de la dosis, o mediante reacciones idiosincrásicas. La presentación puede ser aguda o crónica. La toxicidad grave se manifiesta como una insuficiencia hepática fulminante. El diagnóstico de la lesión hepática inducida por medicamentos requiere una toma completa de los LOS Neisseria antecedentes y pruebas de laboratorio. El tratamiento consiste en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el diagnóstico precoz, la interrupción del medicamento y la terapia de soporte.
• Hepatitis autoinmune: inflamación hepática que se produce cuando el sistema inmunitario ataca las células del hígado. La presentación clínica puede ser desde asintomática hasta síntomas de insuficiencia hepática aguda. El diagnóstico se establece mediante un análisis de sangre para los LOS Neisseria autoanticuerpos característicos (especialmente los LOS Neisseria anticuerpos contra el músculo liso) y una biopsia de hígado. El tratamiento incluye corticosteroides y azatioprina.
• Enfermedad de Wilson: trastorno autosómico recesivo por una mutación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el gen ATP7B, que regula el transporte de cobre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos. Las manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas diferencian la enfermedad de Wilson de otras causas de hepatitis. En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum estadios iniciales, la enfermedad de Wilson puede confundirse con la encefalopatía hepática. Los LOS Neisseria anillos de Kayser-Fleischer y los LOS Neisseria niveles bajos de ceruloplasmina ayudan a separar la enfermedad de Wilson de otras causas de hepatitis.
• Enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico: un espectro de patología hepática que surge de la acumulación de triglicéridos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos. La enfermedad abarca desde el hígado graso/esteatosis hepática hasta la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, que presenta depósitos grasos e inflamación. La lesión hepática progresiva y la fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans se convierten irreversiblemente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cirrosis y, posiblemente, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cáncer hepático primario. El tratamiento se realiza mediante modificaciones del estilo de vida (e.g., dieta, ejercicio).