Interferones

Descripción General

Definición

Los LOS Neisseria interferones son un grupo de proteínas pertenecientes a una clase de moléculas de señalización conocidas como citoquinas y son liberadas por múltiples células durante la respuesta inflamatoria.

Funciones generales

• Proteínas antivirales (denominadas así porque se ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia descubierto que interfieren en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la replicación de los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology)
• Importantes proteínas inmunorreguladoras que afectan el crecimiento celular, diferenciación, transcripción y traducción de los LOS Neisseria genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure

Tipos de interferones

Interferones de tipo I

• Incluye principalmente el interferón ( IFN IFN Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine with antiviral properties (it interferes with viral infections) and various roles in immunoregulation. The different types are type I IFN (IFN-ɑ and IFN-β), type II IFN (IFN-ɣ), and type III IFN (IFN-ƛ). Interferons)-α e IFN-β
• Los LOS Neisseria más estudiados
• Producidos por casi todas las células, incluyendo:
  • Fibroblastos
  • Leucocitos
  • Células dendríticas plasmocitoides (inducida su producción por la estimulación viral de los LOS Neisseria receptores de reconocimiento de patrones)
• Funciones:
  • Impiden la replicación viral dentro de las células (formando un estado antiviral Antiviral Antivirals for Hepatitis B tanto en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células infectadas como en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las no infectadas)
  • Aumentan la expresión de las moléculas del CMH de clase I en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células infectadas por el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology
  • Poseen respuestas antitumorales
  • Inducen la inhibición de la angiogénesis
  • Regulan la supervivencia celular y la apoptosis Apoptosis A regulated cell death mechanism characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA, at regularly spaced, internucleosomal sites, I.e., DNA fragmentation. It is genetically-programmed and serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. Ischemic Cell Damage

Interferón de tipo II

• También conocido como IFN-γ
• Producido por:
  • Linfocitos T
  • Linfocitos asesinos naturales (NK)
  • Macrófagos
• La IL-12 y la IL-2 desencadenan la liberación de IFN-γ de los linfocitos T.
• Funciones:
  • Regula al alza las moléculas CMH de clase I y II y promueve la diferenciación de los linfocitos T colaboradores “naive” en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum linfocitos Th1 Th1 A subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2; interferon-gamma; and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. T cells: Types and Functions
  • Papel importante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la activación de los LOS Neisseria macrófagos (↑ fagocitosis, ↑ eliminación de microbios) y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la presentación de antígenos
  • La actividad antiviral Antiviral Antivirals for Hepatitis B no es tan potente como la del IFN IFN Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine with antiviral properties (it interferes with viral infections) and various roles in immunoregulation. The different types are type I IFN (IFN-ɑ and IFN-β), type II IFN (IFN-ɣ), and type III IFN (IFN-ƛ). Interferons de tipo I.

Interferón de tipo III

• Descubierto más recientemente
• También conocido como IFN-ƛ
• Funciones:
  • Inmunidad de mucosas
  • Defensa contra virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology intestinales (e.g., rotavirus Rotavirus A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (rotaviruses A through G) are recognized. Rotavirus, norovirus Norovirus Norovirus is a nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Caliciviridae family. Norovirus infections are transmitted via the fecal-oral route or by aerosols from vomiting. The virus is one of the most common causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis epidemic worldwide. Symptoms include watery and nonbloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. Norovirus)

Descripción de los LOS Neisseria tipos de interferones

Efectos de los Interferones

Inducción

• Entre los LOS Neisseria inductores potentes de los LOS Neisseria interferones se encuentran:
  • IFN IFN Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine with antiviral properties (it interferes with viral infections) and various roles in immunoregulation. The different types are type I IFN (IFN-ɑ and IFN-β), type II IFN (IFN-ɣ), and type III IFN (IFN-ƛ). Interferons de tipo I:
    • Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology
    • Ácido ribonucleico (ARN) de doble cadena
  • IFN IFN Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine with antiviral properties (it interferes with viral infections) and various roles in immunoregulation. The different types are type I IFN (IFN-ɑ and IFN-β), type II IFN (IFN-ɣ), and type III IFN (IFN-ƛ). Interferons de tipo II:
    • Antígenos, mitógenos
    • Otros interferones
    • Citoquinas (e.g., IL-2)
    • Receptores NK
  • IFN IFN Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine with antiviral properties (it interferes with viral infections) and various roles in immunoregulation. The different types are type I IFN (IFN-ɑ and IFN-β), type II IFN (IFN-ɣ), and type III IFN (IFN-ƛ). Interferons de tipo III: virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology
• Cuando es inducido (e.g., entrada de virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una célula), la célula infectada o un linfocito NK o T produce interferón, enviando señales a otras células.
• El interferón se une a un receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors específico de la superficie celular en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula no infectada:
  • IFN IFN Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine with antiviral properties (it interferes with viral infections) and various roles in immunoregulation. The different types are type I IFN (IFN-ɑ and IFN-β), type II IFN (IFN-ɣ), and type III IFN (IFN-ƛ). Interferons de tipo I (IFN-ɑ, IFN-β): ambos se unen a los LOS Neisseria mismos receptores (IFNAR1 e IFNAR2)
  • IFN-ɣ: se une a IFGNR1 e IFNGR2
  • IFN-ƛ: se une a un conjunto de receptores (compartidos con la IL-10, IL-28A, IL-28B IL-28A, IL-28B Interferons e IL-29)

Efectos

• Tras la unión al AL Amyloidosis receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors → JAK, se activan las vías de señalización STAT
• Los LOS Neisseria genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure son instruidos para producir proteínas que inhiben la replicación viral.
  • Ribonucleasa: degrada el ARNm
  • Proteína quinasa: inhibe la síntesis de proteínas (fosforilando el factor de iniciación eucariótico 2 (eIF-2))
  • Oligo(A) sintetasa: La oligo(A) activa la ribonucleasa.
• Cuando el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology intenta infectar la célula, las enzimas realizan sus funciones.
• La célula muere a causa de los LOS Neisseria efectos (sin producir progenie del virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology), restringiendo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum última instancia la propagación de la infección.
• Los LOS Neisseria interferones tienen efectos biológicos superpuestos durante la fase inicial de la infección, lo que conlleva a:
  • Actividad antiviral Antiviral Antivirals for Hepatitis B
  • Actividad antiproliferativa (otros genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure también están regulados a la baja)
  • Actividad inmunorreguladora (se activan células inmunológicas como los LOS Neisseria macrófagos)
• Los LOS Neisseria interferones también tienen funciones únicas que tienen efectos diferentes (e.g., el IFN-β se utiliza para el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple, mientras que el IFN-γ puede exacerbar la enfermedad).

Interferones y Enfermedades

Interferones como tratamiento

Evasión de los LOS Neisseria interferones

• Los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology han desarrollado mecanismos para evadir los LOS Neisseria interferones:
  • Inhibición de la síntesis de interferones
  • Inhibición de los LOS Neisseria efectos de las proteínas/enzimas antivirales
  • Bloqueo de la señalización de interferones
  • Producción de señuelos para moléculas que inducen señalización de interferones
  • Encapsular el genoma
• Algunos ejemplos son:
  • La hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus y el VIH bloquean la síntesis de interferones.
  • La hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection can be transmitted through infectious blood or body fluids and may be transmitted during childbirth or through IV drug use or sexual intercourse. Hepatitis C virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging from a mild to a serious, lifelong illness including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis C Virus reduce la producción de genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure inducidos por el interferón.

Relevancia Clínica

• Hepatitis viral: infección vírica del hígado que provoca inflamación y daños. El interferón se utiliza como parte del tratamiento de 2 virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de hepatitis primaria: B y C. El tratamiento de la hepatitis aguda suele ser de soporte, mientras que para la infección crónica existen opciones como el interferón y los LOS Neisseria agentes antivirales orales. El interferón-ɑ inhibe la síntesis de proteínas a través de las proteínas/enzimas antivirales. El medicamento puede provocar síntomas similares a los LOS Neisseria de la gripe y elevación de las enzimas hepáticas.
• Esclerosis múltiple: enfermedad autoinmune inflamatoria crónica que conduce a la desmielinización del SNC. La presentación clínica de la esclerosis múltiple varía en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función de la localización de las lesiones, pero normalmente se observan síntomas neurológicos que afectan la visión, funciones motoras, sensibilidad y función autonómica. El interferón-β es una opción entre los LOS Neisseria tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad para la esclerosis múltiple recidivante. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas gripales y la disfunción hepática son efectos adversos.
• Enfermedad granulomatosa crónica: enfermedad genética caracterizada por infecciones bacterianas y fúngicas graves recurrentes y formación de granulomas Granulomas A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. Sarcoidosis. La nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato oxidasa ( NADPH NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5′-phosphate (nmn) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5′-phosphate adenosine 2. Pentose Phosphate Pathway) defectuosa (responsable del estallido respiratorio) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria neutrófilos y macrófagos conduce a una alteración de la fagocitosis. Las infecciones suelen afectar al AL Amyloidosis pulmón, la piel, los LOS Neisseria ganglios linfáticos y el hígado. El tratamiento profiláctico incluye el IFN-ɣ. Los LOS Neisseria efectos secundarios incluyen fiebre y mialgias.
• Leucemia de células peludas: leucemia crónica de linfocitos B, poco frecuente, caracterizada por la acumulación de pequeños linfocitos B maduros que presentan proyecciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de pelo visibles al AL Amyloidosis microscopio. Las células anormales se acumulan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre periférica, médula ósea (causando fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans) y bazo. El interferón-ɑ forma parte del régimen de tratamiento, ya que inhibe el crecimiento celular e interfiere en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la expresión de oncogenes Oncogenes Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to neoplastic cell transformation. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of cell proliferation such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of ‘v-‘ before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by retroviruses; the prefix ‘c-‘ before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (proto-oncogenes) of a v-oncogene. Carcinogenesis y antígenos de superficie.