Development of the Respiratory System
Overview Lung development occurs in 5 stages: In utero, the lungs are: Immediately following delivery: Mnemonic: To quickly recall the chronology of the stages of lung development, remember “Every Pulmonologist Can See Alveoli”: Embryonic Stage Development of the bronchial tree begins in the embryonic stage, with budding of the embryonic gut tube to form the […]
Development of the Nervous System and Face
Neurulation and Neural Crest Migration The development of the brain is a specific part of gastrulation, called neurulation, that creates the cells of the nervous system. Neurulation Day 16 after fertilization → embryonal cells belong to 1 of 3 germ cell layers: Neural crest cell migration Neuroectoderm cells migrate in waves from the neural crests […]
Development of the Heart
Derivatives of the Cardiac Tube Cardiac Looping Cardiac Septation Atrial septum The atrial septum begins with endocardial cushions at the base of the atrial chamber and septum primum. Ventricular septum Aorticopulmonary septum Valve development Fetal Circulation Mnemonics Congenital Abnormalities Right-to-left shunts (cyanotic lesions) Mnemonic: right-to-left shunts (cyanotic lesions) (the 5 Ts): Left-to-right shunts (acyanotic) Other […]