Candida/Candidiasis

Características Generales

Características básicas de Candida Candida Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis

• Género de la familia Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycetaceae Candida/Candidiasis
• Dimórfica:
  • Levadura
    • Pequeña
    • Ovoide
    • Unicelular
    • Se reproduce por gemación
  • Presenta formas pseudohifales e hifales
• Aspecto macroscópico de las colonias:
  • Redondas
  • De color blanco o crema
• Características:
  • Fermentan:
    • Glucosa
    • Maltosa
    • Sacarosa
  • C. albicans no fermenta la lactosa.

Especies clínicamente relevantes

Las especies de Candida Candida Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis más relevantes desde el punto de vista clínico son:

• C. albicans (más común)
• C. glabrata
• C. parapsilosis
• C. tropicalis
• C. krusei
• C. auris (especie emergente y resistente a múltiples medicamentos)

Patogénesis

Reservorios

Candida albicans Candida albicans A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing candidiasis (moniliasis). Candida/Candidiasis forma parte de la flora humana normal, especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:

• Orofaringe
• Tracto gastrointestinal
• Tracto genitourinario
• Piel

Transmisión

• Generalmente, Candida Candida Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis se transmite a los LOS Neisseria recién nacidos durante el parto y pasa a formar parte de la flora normal.
• La diseminación endógena desde sitios colonizados puede ocurrir a través de:
  • Alteraciones de la mucosa (a menudo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orofaringe del tracto gastrointestinal)
  • Catéteres permanentes (e.g., catéteres venosos centrales, catéteres urinarios)

Factores de riesgo del huésped

La candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis es la infección oportunista fúngica más común.

Factores de riesgo generales para la candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis:

• Clima cálido
• Ropa restrictiva
• Cambios de ropa interior o de pañales poco frecuentes
• Terapia con antibióticos
• Afecciones de la piel (que afectan especialmente a los LOS Neisseria pliegues cutáneos)
• Xerostomía
• Embarazo
• Inmunosupresión
  • VIH/SIDA
  • Neoplasias hematológicas malignas
  • Personas que se han sometido a un trasplante
  • Terapia inmunosupresora
  • Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus

Factores de riesgo adicionales para la enfermedad invasiva:

• Estancia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la UCI
• Catéteres venosos centrales
• Nutrición parenteral total
• Insuficiencia renal que requiera de diálisis
• Cirugía abdominal
• Perforación del tracto gastrointestinal o fuga anastomótica

Factores de virulencia

• Adhesinas de la superficie celular: facilitan la adhesión a las células del huésped
• Formación de biopelículas: proporcionan protección contra las defensas del huésped y los LOS Neisseria antimicrobianos
• Enzimas hidrolíticas extracelulares: facilitan la invasión en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tejido del huésped
• Hifas: facilitan la invasión de los LOS Neisseria tejidos

Fisiopatología

• Defensa del huésped contra la infección por Candida Candida Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis:
  • Barrera epitelial
  • Inmunidad mediada por linfocitos T
  • Macrófagos y neutrófilos
• Infección superficial:
  • Alteración de la flora normal o de la inmunidad del huésped → crecimiento excesivo de Candida Candida Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis
  • Descamación epitelial → acumulación de queratina y tejido necrótico → se forma una pseudomembrana en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la mucosa
  • Se puede desarrollar edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema subyacente y ulceración.
• Infección invasiva:
  • Alteración de la barrera de la mucosa y evasión inmunológica → penetración en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tejido
  • Puede haber invasión vascular → diseminación a otros tejidos del huésped

Presentación Clínica

Candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis orofaríngea

Esta infección, comúnmente conocida como “muguet”, puede presentarse con:

• Sensación “algodonosa” en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la boca
• Placas adherentes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las mucosas
  • Gruesas, blancas
  • El raspado puede:
    • Revelar zonas eritematosas e inflamadas
    • Causar una ligera hemorragia
• Dolor Dolor Inflammation y dificultad para deglutir
• Eritema y grietas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las comisuras de la boca

Candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis esofágica

La candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis esofágica es una enfermedad definitoria del SIDA, ya que se presenta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum individuos con un recuento de CD4 < 100 células/µl.

• Disfagia (dificultad para deglutir)
• Odinofagia ( dolor Dolor Inflammation al AL Amyloidosis deglutir)
• Dolor Dolor Inflammation torácico retroesternal
• Pirosis
• Puede o no presentarse con candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis orofaríngea concomitante
• La esofagogastroduodenoscopia mostrará placas blanquecinas adheridas a la mucosa y exudados

Candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis intertriginosa

• Una dermatosis inflamatoria
• Erupción eritematosa bien delimitada
• Se localiza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum regiones cálidas y húmedas de la piel (e.g., ingle, bajo las mamas)
• Causa dolor Dolor Inflammation y prurito

Candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis vulvovaginal

• Prurito, ardor e irritación vulvar
• Eritema y edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema
• Secreción vaginal
  • Espesa
  • Blanquecina
  • Con apariencia a requesón
  • Olor mínimo o nulo
• Dispareunia

Candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis invasiva

Las infecciones invasivas por Candida Candida Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis pueden tener una variedad de presentaciones, incluyendo (pero no limitado a):

• Candidemia
• Infección de las vías urinarias
• Peritonitis Peritonitis Inflammation of the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the peritoneal cavity via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the abdominal cavity itself through rupture or abscess of intra-abdominal organs. Penetrating Abdominal Injury
• Absceso intraabdominal
• Endocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endometrium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. Both infectious and noninfectious etiologies lead to vegetations on the valve leaflets. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and fatigue. Endocarditis
• Pericarditis Pericarditis Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation. It can be caused by infection (often viral), myocardial infarction, drugs, malignancies, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disorders, or trauma. Acute, subacute, and chronic forms exist. Pericarditis
• Mediastinitis Mediastinitis Mediastinitis refers to an infection or inflammation involving the mediastinum (a region in the thoracic cavity containing the heart, thymus gland, portions of the esophagus, and trachea). Acute mediastinitis can be caused by bacterial infection due to direct contamination, hematogenous or lymphatic spread, or extension of infection from nearby structures. Mediastinitis
• Endoftalmitis
• Coriorretinitis
• Meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis
• Osteomielitis
• Artritis séptica

Diagnóstico y Tratamiento

Diagnóstico

La identificación de los LOS Neisseria organismos de Candida Candida Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis puede hacerse mediante:

• Montaje húmedo con KOH al AL Amyloidosis 10% de los LOS Neisseria raspados de la muestra
  • Levaduras en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum gemación
  • Pseudohifas o hifas
• Cultivos de hongos
• Biopsia tisular

Tratamiento

Infecciones mucocutáneas localizadas:

• Antifúngicos tópicos:
  • Miconazol
  • Nistatina
• Los LOS Neisseria antifúngicos sistémicos (fluconazol, itraconazol) pueden utilizarse para:
  • Enfermedad extensa
  • Candidiasis Candidiasis Candida is a genus of dimorphic, opportunistic fungi. Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora and is the most common cause of candidiasis. The clinical presentation varies and can include localized mucocutaneous infections (e.g., oropharyngeal, esophageal, intertriginous, and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and invasive disease (e.g., candidemia, intraabdominal abscess, pericarditis, and meningitis). Candida/Candidiasis esofágica

Infección invasiva:

• Requiere tratamiento con antifúngicos intravenosos
• Otras alternativas incluyen:
  • Fluconazol
  • Voriconazol
  • Caspofungina
  • Anfotericina B

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Liquen plano: enfermedad cutánea inflamatoria idiopática mediada por células. El liquen plano se caracteriza por lesiones cutáneas pruriginosas, planas y papulares, de color púrpura, que suelen aparecer en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las superficies flexoras de las extremidades. Pueden aparecer lesiones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de telaraña y erosiones dolorosas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las regiones oral y genital. La biopsia de la lesión más prominente se utiliza para confirmar el diagnóstico. Los LOS Neisseria corticoides tópicos son el tratamiento de elección.
• Leucoplasia: lesión potencialmente maligna que afecta al AL Amyloidosis epitelio escamoso, generalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cavidad oral. La leucoplasia puede estar asociada a antecedentes de consumo crónico de tabaco y alcohol, que pueden dañar el epitelio de forma sinérgica. La leucoplasia se presenta como una placa blanca que no se puede raspar. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante una biopsia. La lesión puede ser tratada quirúrgicamente, pero siempre se recomienda una estrecha observación debido al AL Amyloidosis riesgo de transformación a malignidad.
• Infecciones por tiña: grupo de enfermedades causadas por hongos dermatofitos que infectan el tejido queratinizado. Estas infecciones pueden afectar a cualquier parte del cuerpo, pero se producen con mayor frecuencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum regiones cálidas y húmedas, como la ingle y los LOS Neisseria pies. El diagnóstico es clínico con hallazgos cutáneos característicos, pero puede confirmarse mediante la microscopía de raspados de piel. El tratamiento depende del lugar y de la magnitud de la infección, pero suele comenzar con antifúngicos tópicos y puede progresar a medicamentos orales si el tratamiento tópico falla.
• Aspergilosis: infección fúngica oportunista causada por especies de Aspergillus Aspergillus A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family trichocomaceae. Echinocandins. Los LOS Neisseria órganos que más comúnmente se ven afectados son los LOS Neisseria pulmones y los LOS Neisseria senos paranasales. La aspergilosis invasiva puede propagarse por vía hematógena y puede afectar al AL Amyloidosis cerebro, el corazón y la piel. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante imagenología, cultivos de hongos y estudios serológicos o de muestras respiratorias. El tratamiento depende de la presentación clínica, pero puede incluir terapia antifúngica y resección quirúrgica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la enfermedad severa.
• Criptococosis: infección oportunista causada por la levadura Cryptococcus Cryptococcus Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic, fungal infection caused by the Cryptococcus species. The principal pathogens in humans are C. neoformans (primary) and C. gattii. Cryptococcus neoformans is typically found in pigeon droppings and acquired by inhaling dust from contaminated soil. The majority of affected patients are immunocompromised. Cryptococcus/Cryptococcosis neoformans o C. gattii C. gattii A species of the fungus cryptococcus. Its teleomorph is filobasidiella bacillispora. Cryptococcus/Cryptococcosis. Los LOS Neisseria individuos pueden desarrollar neumonía, meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis o enfermedad cutánea. Los LOS Neisseria cultivos de hongos y las pruebas de antígenos criptocócicos pueden proporcionar el diagnóstico. El tratamiento depende de la presentación clínica, pero puede incluir fluconazol y anfotericina B (para la meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis).
• Mucormicosis: infección fúngica angioinvasiva causada por múltiples hongos del orden Mucorales Mucorales Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive fungal infection caused by multiple fungi within the order, Mucorales. The fungi are ubiquitous in the environment, but mucormycosis is very rare and almost always occurs in patients who are immunocompromised. Inhalation of fungal spores can cause rhinocerebral or pulmonary mucormycosis, direct inoculation can cause cutaneous mucormycosis, and ingestion can cause gastrointestinal mucormycosis. Mucorales/Mucormycosis. La inhalación de las esporas de los LOS Neisseria hongos pueden causar mucormicosis rinocerebral o mucormicosis pulmonar. La inoculación directa puede causar mucormicosis cutánea y la ingestión puede provocar mucormicosis gastrointestinal. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas se deben a que las hifas fúngicas invaden los LOS Neisseria vasos sanguíneos, causando trombosis y, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum última instancia, necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage de los LOS Neisseria tejidos. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante una biopsia. La mucormicosis debe ser tratada agresivamente con resección quirúrgica y antifúngicos.