Energy Homeostasis
Overview Important terms Theories and models Sources of Energy General Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Metabolism Metabolism in an absorptive state Metabolism in the postabsorptive state Regulation of metabolism Metabolism in Individual Tissues Liver Table: Energy utilization of the liver during the fed and fasting states Fed state Fasting state Glucose levels ↑ after a meal Liver […]
Malnutrition in children in resource-limited countries
Overview Definition Malnutrition is a clinical state with an imbalance, a deficiency, or an excess of a wide range of nutrients and energy. Epidemiology Etiology Malnutrition is often associated with underlying disease and can be conceptually categorized into 4 broad etiological categories: Clinical Presentation Pathological changes caused by malnutrition Clinical presentation of marasmus Clinical presentation […]
Calcium Hemostasis and Bone Metabolism
Overview Principal regulators of bone metabolism The 3 primary regulators of bone metabolism are: Purposes of bone metabolism Review of bone anatomy Review of calcium homeostasis Calcium has many important functions in the body and its levels must be tightly regulated to stay around 10 mg/dL. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. […]
Fat-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies
Overview Definition Vitamins are important organic substances that are required for normal metabolic functions. These substances cannot be synthesized by the body; they must be ingested in the diet. They are divided into water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Absorption and storage Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the intestines with fat. In general, this process requires: Groups […]
Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies
Overview Definition Vitamins are important organic substances that are required for normal metabolic functions These substances cannot be synthesized by the body; they must be ingested in the diet. The vitamins are divided into water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Summary of clinically important water-soluble vitamin deficiencies Table: Summary of clinically important water-soluble vitamin deficiencies Vitamin Clinical […]
Folate and Vitamin B12
Folate Folate refers to the group of compounds occurring naturally in foods as well as folic acid, which is commonly used in supplements. Folate deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and, if the deficiency occurs in pregnant women, neural tube defects in their infants. Functions Absorption, metabolism, transport, and storage Daily requirement Vitamin B12: Cobalamin […]
Obesity
Overview Definition Obesity is a condition associated with excess body weight, specifically with excessive adipose tissue deposition. Obesity measurements Epidemiology Etiology The nature of obesity is believed to be multifactorial. Sedentary lifestyle and increased caloric intake appear to be the most common causes. Causes can be further categorized by: Medications associated with weight gain include: […]