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Medical Terms and Diagnoses Explained:
Lecturio’s High-Yield Reference Library

Master specific clinical syndromes, medical signs, and vital study mnemonics with clear, expert-reviewed breakdowns designed to ace your exams.

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Internal Medicine
Acanthosis Nigricans
What is Acanthosis Nigricans? Acanthosis nigricans describes hyperpigmented, velvety, and often symmetric...
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Pediatrics
Adenoid Hypertrophy
What is adenoid hypertrophy? Adenoid hypertrophy refers to the pathological enlargement of the pharyngeal...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Adnexal Mass
What is an Adnexal mass? An adnexal mass is a lesion arising from the uterine adnexa, most commonly...
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Internal Medicine
Adynamic Ileus
What is Adynamic ileus? Adynamic ileus, also called paralytic ileus, is diffuse hypomotility of the...
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Biochemistry
Aminotransferases (Transaminases)
What are Aminotransferases (transaminases)? Aminotransferases (often called transaminases) are enzymes...
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Pharmacology
Amiodarone
What is Amiodarone? Amiodarone is a potent class III antiarrhythmic used to treat atrial and ventricular...
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Internal Medicine
Anasarca
What is Anasarca? Anasarca is a severe, generalized edema due to massive fluid accumulation in the...
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Anatomy
Anatomical Position
What is the Anatomical position? The anatomical position serves as the universal reference posture...
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Internal Medicine
Angiodysplasia
What is Angiodysplasia? The term Angiodysplasia refers to degenerative dilated mucosal and submucosal...
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Pharmacology
Antiviral Agent
What is an Antiviral agent? An antiviral agent is a medication that inhibits viral replication by targeting...
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Family Medicine
Aphthous Stomatitis
What is Aphthous stomatitis? Aphthous stomatitis is a condition characterized by recurrent round ulcers...
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Internal Medicine
Asterixis
What is asterixis? Asterixis is a neurological sign characterized by the inability to maintain a sustained...
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Microbiology
Bacillus Cereus
What is Bacillus cereus? Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium commonly...
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Microbiology
Bacteremia
What is Bacteremia? Bacteremia, also spelled bacteraemia, denotes the presence of viable bacteria circulating...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Bartholin Gland
What is the Bartholin gland? The Bartholin gland (greater vestibular gland) is a paired, mucus-secreting...
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Emergency Medicine
Basilar Skull Fracture
What is a Basilar skull fracture? A basilar skull fracture is a fracture involving the base of the...
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Internal Medicine
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
What is Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo? Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a peripheral...
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Internal Medicine
Bronchopneumonia
What is Bronchopneumonia? Bronchopneumonia is a patchy infection involving the bronchioles (small airways)...
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Internal Medicine
Bulbar Palsy
What is Bulbar Palsy? Bulbar palsy is a lower motor neuron syndrome that affects the cranial nerve...
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Internal Medicine
Calcium Oxalate Crystals
What are Calcium oxalate crystals? Calcium oxalate crystals are common urine crystals that form when...
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Emergency Medicine
Cardiac Tamponade
What is Cardiac Tamponade? Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening clinical condition that occurs when...
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Biochemistry
Cellular Respiration
What is Cellular Respiration? Cellular respiration is a coordinated sequence of redox reactions, which...
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Family Medicine
Cervical Lymphadenopathy
What is Cervical Lymphadenopathy? Cervical lymphadenopathy refers to the enlargement of lymph nodes...
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Internal Medicine
Choledocholithiasis
What is Choledocholithiasis? Choledocholithiasis is defined as the presence of stones lodged within...
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Pharmacology
Cholinergic Crisis
What is Cholinergic Crisis? Cholinergic crisis is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized...
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Immunology
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
What is Churg-Strauss Syndrome? Churg-Strauss Syndrome, now formally known as Eosinophilic Granulomatosis...
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Microbiology
Coccobacilli
What are Coccobacilli? Coccobacilli are short, ovoid bacteria that represent a transitional morphology...
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Emergency Medicine
Comminuted Fracture
What is a Comminuted Fracture? A comminuted fracture describes a break in which the bone shatters into...
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Internal Medicine
Conn Syndrome
What is Conn Syndrome? The term Conn syndrome describes the autonomous secretion of aldosterone from...
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Emergency Medicine
Cricothyrotomy
What is Cricothyrotomy? Cricothyrotomy, also frequently called cricothyroidotomy, is an emergency surgical...
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Anatomy
Dermatomes
What is a Dermatome? Dermatomes are areas of skin supplied predominantly by sensory fibers from a single...
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Anatomy
Diencephalon
What is the Diencephalon? The diencephalon consists of a centrally located collection of gray-matter...
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Pharmacology
Dihydropyridines (Calcium Channel Blockers)
What are Dihydropyridines? Dihydropyridines are a class of calcium channel blockers that bind to high-voltage...
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Pharmacology
Dress Syndrome
What is Dress syndrome? Dress syndrome is a severe delayed drug hypersensitivity reaction mediated...
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Internal Medicine
Dysmetria
What is Dysmetria? Dysmetria is a neurological sign characterized by the inability to scale the distance...
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Internal Medicine
Empyema
What is an Empyema? An empyema is a collection of purulent (pus-filled) fluid and cellular debris within...
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Family Medicine
Epididymitis
What is Epididymitis? Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, which is the convoluted duct...
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Embryology
Epispadias
What is an Epispadias? Epispadias is a congenital malformation where the urethral opening is located...
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Family Medicine
Epistaxis
What is Epistaxis? Epistaxis involves hemorrhage from the nasal cavity, most frequently originating...
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Internal Medicine
Erythroplakia
What is Erythroplakia? Erythroplakia presents as a fiery red, sharply defined patch on the oral mucous...
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Internal Medicine
Esophageal Varices
What are Esophageal varices? Esophageal varices are abnormally dilated submucosal veins in the distal...
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Emergency Medicine
Facial Fracture
What is a facial fracture? A facial fracture involves a disruption in the structural continuity of...
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Family Medicine
Fecal Impactions
What are fecal impactions? Fecal impaction describes a condition where a large, hardened mass of stool...
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Family Medicine
Felon Finger
What is a Felon finger? A felon finger is a closed-space bacterial infection affecting the volar digital...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Fetal Decelerations
What are fetal decelerations? Fetal decelerations represent transient drops in the fetal heart rate...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Follicular Cyst
What is a Follicular cyst? A follicular cyst is a benign, fluid-filled sac that develops when a dominant...
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Emergency Medicine
Galeazzi fracture
What is a Galeazzi fracture? A Galeazzi fracture involves a fracture of the distal radial shaft combined...
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Family Medicine
Glossitis
What is Glossitis? Glossitis is an umbrella term for inflammation of the tongue. It may present with...
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Pediatrics
Granulomatosis Infantiseptica
What is Granulomatosis infantiseptica? Granulomatosis infantiseptica is a severe form of neonatal listeriosis...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
GTPAL
What is the GTPAL? GTPAL is a structured mnemonic used in an OB history note to summarize past pregnancy...
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Internal Medicine
Hematuria
What is Hematuria? Hematuria means there are red blood cells in the urine. This finding occurs as either...
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Internal Medicine
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
What is Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis? Hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP), also called hereditary...
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Internal Medicine
Hiatal Hernia
What is a Hiatal hernia? A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus...
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Internal Medicine
Homan's Sign
What is Homan’s sign? Homan’s sign refers to calf pain elicited by passive dorsiflexion...
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Internal Medicine
Hyaline Casts
What are Hyaline casts? Hyaline casts form when Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, also called uromodulin,...
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Physiology
Hypovolemia
What is Hypovolemia? Hypovolemia is a reduction in extracellular fluid volume, usually due to loss...
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Clinical Practice
I GET SMASHED
What is I GET SMASHED? I GET SMASHED is a mnemonic that helps remember the major causes of acute pancreatitis....
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Internal Medicine
Ileus
What is an Ileus? Ileus is a transient impairment of intestinal motility without a mechanical obstruction....
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Emergency Medicine
Incarcerated Hernia
What is an Incarcerated hernia? An incarcerated hernia occurs when abdominal viscera, such as a loop...
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Internal Medicine
Intention Tremor
What is an Intention tremor? An intention tremor is a goal-directed tremor that increases in amplitude...
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Internal Medicine
Invasive Ductal Cancer
What is invasive ductal cancer? Invasive ductal cancer occurs when malignant epithelial cells break...
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Anatomy
Kiesselbach Plexus
What is the Kiesselbach plexus? The Kiesselbach plexus is an anastomotic arterial network located on...
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Internal Medicine
Kussmaul Respirations
What are Kussmaul respirations? Kussmaul respirations are deep, labored, and often rapid breaths. This...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Leiomyoma of Uterus
What is a Leiomyoma of uterus? A leiomyoma of uterus, also called a uterine leiomyoma or fibroid, is...
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Internal Medicine
Lichen Simplex
What is Lichen simplex? Lichen simplex, also known as lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) or neurodermatitis,...
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Internal Medicine
Marcus Gunn Pupil
What is the Marcus Gunn pupil sign? A Marcus Gunn pupil is a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)...
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Emergency Medicine
McBurney's Point
What are McBurney’s point and McBurney’s sign? McBurney’s point is found two-thirds...
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Anatomy
Median Nerve
What is the Median nerve? The median nerve is a major nerve of the upper limb formed by lateral and...
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Internal Medicine
Melena
What is Melena? Melena is the passage of black, tarry stool caused by digested blood and usually indicates...
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Internal Medicine
Mobitz Type I Block
What is a Mobitz type I block? Mobitz type I, also called Wenckebach block, is a form of second-degree...
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Internal Medicine
Mobitz Type II Block
What is a Mobitz type II block? Mobitz type II, also called Mobitz type 2, is a form of second-degree...
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Internal Medicine
Mycosis Fungoides
What is Mycosis fungoides? Mycosis fungoides represents the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,...
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Emergency Medicine
Neurovascular Assessment
What is a neurovascular assessment? A neurovascular assessment is a clinical exam that checks blood...
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Internal Medicine
Non-Pitting Edema
What is non-pitting edema? Non-pitting edema is chronic soft tissue swelling that remains firm after...
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Public Health
Nosocomial Infection
What is a Nosocomial infection? A Nosocomial infection is an infection acquired during healthcare delivery...
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Internal Medicine
Obstructive Shock
What is obstructive shock? Obstructive shock occurs when a mechanical barrier reduces venous return,...
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Internal Medicine
Odynophagia
What is Odynophagia? Odynophagia is pain during swallowing, typically resulting from inflammation,...
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Clinical Practice
OLDCARTS mnemonic
What is the OLDCARTS mnemonic? The OLDCARTS components provide a systematic framework for developing...
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Emergency Medicine
Parkland Formula
What is the Parkland formula? The Parkland formula for burns is a standardized burn equation used to...
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Family Medicine
Paronychia
What is Paronychia? Paronychia is inflammation of the proximal or lateral nail folds and is a common...
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Emergency Medicine
Pericardial Tamponade
What is pericardial tamponade? Pericardial tamponade is the life-threatening compression of the heart...
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Emergency Medicine
Peritonitis
What is Peritonitis? Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneal lining resulting from microbial...
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Family Medicine
Pilonidal Disease
What is Pilonidal disease? Pilonidal disease is a common acquired skin and soft-tissue condition that...
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Internal Medicine
Pitting Edema
What is pitting edema? Pitting edema is a clinical sign of fluid accumulation within the interstitial...
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Physiology
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
What are the Posterior pituitary hormones? Posterior pituitary hormones, also known as neurohypophysial...
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Embryology
Potter Syndrome
What is Potter syndrome? Potter syndrome refers to a constellation of findings caused by prolonged...
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Internal Medicine
Precancerous Skin Lesion
What is a precancerous skin condition? A precancerous skin condition is an abnormal change in skin...
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Family Medicine
Prehn Sign
What is the Prehn sign? A positive Prehn sign is symptomatic relief of scrotal pain with the gentle...
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Clinical Practice
Ranson's Criteria
What is Ranson’s criteria? Ranson’s criteria are a clinical prediction tool used to estimate...
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Internal Medicine
Refeeding Syndrome
What is Refeeding syndrome? Refeeding syndrome is a potentially life-threatening set of metabolic and...
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Emergency Medicine
Rovsing Sign
What is the Rovsing sign? The Rovsing sign is a physical examination finding where palpation of the...
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Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
Sacral Torsion
What is Sacral torsion? In osteopathic medicine, sacral torsion is a sacral somatic dysfunction in...
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Pediatrics
Salter-Harris Fracture
What is a Salter-Harris fracture? A Salter-Harris fracture is an injury to the physis, or growth plate,...
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Emergency Medicine
Smith Fracture
What is a Smith fracture? A Smith fracture occurs when the distal radius, the end of the forearm bone...
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Internal Medicine
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
What is a Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction? Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is abnormal muscular activity...
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Physiology
Spinal Reflex
What is a Spinal reflex? A spinal reflex is an automatic response to a sensory stimulus that is mediated...
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Internal Medicine
Stiff Person Syndrome
What is stiff person syndrome? Stiff person syndrome is a rare autoimmune neurologic disorder characterized...
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Internal Medicine
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
What is Tarsal tunnel syndrome? Tarsal tunnel syndrome is the compression of the posterior tibial nerve...
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Emergency Medicine
Tension Pneumothorax
What is a Tension Pneumothorax? A tension pneumothorax develops when intrapleural air accumulates under...
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Internal Medicine
Tertiary Syphilis
What is Tertiary syphilis? Tertiary syphilis represents the destructive, late-stage manifestations...
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Emergency Medicine
Testicular Torsion
What is Testicular Torsion? Testicular torsion is the twisting of the spermatic cord, which first obstructs...
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Family Medicine
Thrombosed Hemorrhoid
What is a Thrombosed hemorrhoid? A thrombosed hemorrhoid, specifically a thrombosed external hemorrhoid,...
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Family Medicine
Torticollis
What is Torticollis? Torticollis, often called wry neck, is an abnormal head and neck posture in which...
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Internal Medicine
Trousseau Sign
What is the Trousseau sign? Trousseau sign is a carpopedal spasm, an involuntary contraction of the...
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Internal Medicine
Ulnar Nerve Entrapment
What is Ulnar nerve entrapment? Ulnar nerve entrapment is the mechanical compression of the ulnar nerve...
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Emergency Medicine
Uncal Herniation
What is Uncal herniation? Uncal herniation occurs when the uncus, the anteromedial part of the temporal...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Uterine Atony
What is Uterine atony? Uterine atony occurs when the myometrium, the muscular middle layer of the uterine...
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Internal Medicine
Vasovagal Syncope
What is Vasovagal syncope? Vasovagal syncope is a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness caused by...
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Obstetrics and Gynecology
VEAL CHOP
What is the VEAL CHOP mnemonic? The VEAL CHOP mnemonic is a clinical memory aid used to interpret fetal...
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Internal Medicine
Vitreous Degeneration
What is Vitreous degeneration? Vitreous degeneration involves age-related changes in the clear, gel-like...
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