Neisseria

Clasificación

Características Generales

• Muchas especies de Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria is a genus of bacteria commonly present on mucosal surfaces. Several species exist, but only 2 are pathogenic to humans: N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Neisseria species are non-motile, gram-negative diplococci most commonly isolated on modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) agar. Neisseria son habitantes normales de las superficies mucosas de muchos animales.
• De las > 10 especies que infectan a los LOS Neisseria humanos, solo 2 son patógenos estrictamente humanos: N. gonorrhoeae N. gonorrhoeae A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of gonorrhea. Neisseria (gonococo) y N. meningitidis N. meningitidis A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis. It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being a, b, c, y, and w-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype. Neisseria (meningococo).
• Diplococos gramnegativos (cocos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum parejas)
• Organismos intracelulares facultativos
• Inmóvil
• Oxidasa y catalasa positivos
• Oxidación del azúcar:
  • N. meningitidis N. meningitidis A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis. It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being a, b, c, y, and w-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype. Neisseria utiliza maltosa y glucosa.
  • N. gonorrhoeae N. gonorrhoeae A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of gonorrhea. Neisseria usa glucosa solamente.
• Contiene lipooligosacáridos con fuerte actividad de endotoxinas
• Requieren medios de cultivo especiales para crecer:
  • N. meningitidis N. meningitidis A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis. It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being a, b, c, y, and w-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype. Neisseria es menos exigente y crece en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum agar de oveja.
  • N. gonorrhoeae N. gonorrhoeae A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of gonorrhea. Neisseria requiere agar Thayer-Martin modificado para un crecimiento óptimo: agar chocolate enriquecido con agentes antimicrobianos que favorecen selectivamente el crecimiento de Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria is a genus of bacteria commonly present on mucosal surfaces. Several species exist, but only 2 are pathogenic to humans: N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Neisseria species are non-motile, gram-negative diplococci most commonly isolated on modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) agar. Neisseria al AL Amyloidosis inhibir el crecimiento de otras bacterias y hongos.

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Epidemiología

• Se encuentra distribuida a nivel mundial
• Incidencia de 583 405 casos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 2018, con un aumento del 5% respecto al AL Amyloidosis año anterior y una tasa más alta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hombres que en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mujeres (212,8:145,8 por 100 000 personas)
• Una enfermedad de notificación obligatoria a nivel nacional

Transmisión

• Contacto sexual con el pene, la vagina Vagina The vagina is the female genital canal, extending from the vulva externally to the cervix uteri internally. The structures have sexual, reproductive, and urinary functions and a rich blood supply, mainly arising from the internal iliac artery. Vagina, Vulva, and Pelvic Floor: Anatomy, la boca o el ano de una persona infectada
• Transmisión perinatal (durante el parto vaginal)

Patogénesis

• Exclusivamente patogénico para humanos.

Factores generales de virulencia:

• Pili Pili Filamentous or elongated proteinaceous structures which extend from the cell surface in gram-negative bacteria that contain certain types of conjugative plasmid. These pili are the organs associated with genetic transfer and have essential roles in conjugation. Normally, only one or a few pili occur on a given donor cell. This preferred use of ‘pili’ refers to the sexual appendage, to be distinguished from bacterial fimbriae, also known as common pili, which are usually concerned with adhesion. Salmonella (fimbrias):
  • Mejoran el apego a las células huésped
  • Proporcionn resistencia a la fagocitosis.
  • Proporcionan variación antigénica entre diferentes cepas.
• Por proteínas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana celular:
  • Componentes de las proteínas de las vesículas de membrana externa
  • Puede prevenir la muerte intracelular por neutrófilos al AL Amyloidosis interferir con la fusión fagosoma-lisosoma
• Proteínas asociadas a la opacidad (proteínas de la membrana externa): ayuda en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la unión a los LOS Neisseria receptores de la célula huésped
• Lipooligosacárido (endotoxina) proteína de la cubierta:
  • Lipooligosacárido es un oligosacárido con un componente de lípido A.
  • Responsable de la mayor parte de la toxicidad en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las infecciones gonocócicas (e.g., causa fiebre, pérdida ciliar y muerte de las células de la mucosa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la trompa de Falopio)
  • No debe confundirse con el polisacárido capsular de los LOS Neisseria meningococos.
• Proteasa IgA1: inactiva la inmunoglobulina IgA1 y reduce las defensas del huésped

Mecanismos para evadir el reconocimiento inmunológico:

• Lipooligosacárido imita a los LOS Neisseria glicoesfingolípidos de la membrana celular humana y se puede sialilar, lo que los LOS Neisseria vuelve resistentes a la destrucción por suero.
• Puede cambiar rápidamente de una forma antigénica de lipooligosacárido, pilina y proteínas asociadas a la opacidad a otra

Mecanismos de resistencia a los LOS Neisseria antimicrobianos:

• Código de plásmidos para:
  • Penicilinasa (similar a Haemophilus Haemophilus Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative coccobacilli, all of whose strains require at least 1 of 2 factors for growth (factor V [NAD] and factor X [heme]); therefore, it is most often isolated on chocolate agar, which can supply both factors. The pathogenic species are H. influenzae and H. ducreyi. Haemophilus spp. y otras bacterias gramnegativas)
  • Resistencia a la tetraciclina (del plásmido estreptocócico conjugativo)
• La mayoría de los LOS Neisseria gonococos tienen plásmidos, pero los LOS Neisseria meningococos rara vez los LOS Neisseria tienen.

Presentación clínica

• El período de incubación oscila entre 1–14 días (generalmente < 7).
• La presentación clínica puede variar mucho según la edad y el estado inmunológico del huésped, así como el modo de transmisión.
• Algunos pacientes pueden presentarse asintomáticamente.
  • Más común en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum mujeres jóvenes.
  • Mayor riesgo de propagar la infección y desarrollar complicaciones a largo plazo

Diagnóstico

• Muestras utilizadas:
  • Pus/secreciones de varios sitios
  • Orina de primera toma, sin limpieza previa, para lesiones del tracto genitourinario
  • La sangre y líquido articular para cultivo (solo 30% de sensibilidad) necesita un medio de transporte especial.
  • Frotis: la sensibilidad y la especificidad varían entre los LOS Neisseria sitios.
    • > 90% en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum exudados uretrales de hombres
    • 50% de sensibilidad para exudados endocervicales
    • < 10% para líquido articular
    • La tinción de Gram no es útil para las muestras de garganta o recto porque Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria is a genus of bacteria commonly present on mucosal surfaces. Several species exist, but only 2 are pathogenic to humans: N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Neisseria species are non-motile, gram-negative diplococci most commonly isolated on modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) agar. Neisseria no patógena a menudo coloniza estos sitios.
• Cultivo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum medio Thayer-Martin modificado:
  • No se usa de forma rutinaria porque la prueba de amplificación de ácido nucleico (NAAT) es mucho más rápida y confiable
  • Se utiliza para determinar la resistencia a los LOS Neisseria antibióticos si el paciente falla en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la terapia inicial
  • Identificación por:
    • Prueba de oxidasa positiva, solo se oxida la glucosa
    • Pruebas inmunológicas (coagulación)
    • Espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF (ionización por desorción láser asistida por matriz-tiempo de vuelo) para la identificación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el mismo día

Neisseria Meningitidis

Epidemiología

• La meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis meningocócica ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 2 situaciones:
  • Ondas epidémicas, asociadas al AL Amyloidosis hacinamiento
    • Bases Bases Usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. Acid-Base Balance/campamentos militares
    • Dormitorios escolares
    • Peregrinos religiosos
    • África subsahariana (el “cinturón de la meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis”, desde Senegal hasta Etiopía)
  • Casos “interepidémicos” esporádicos
    • Los LOS Neisseria lactantes de más edad, los LOS Neisseria niños y los LOS Neisseria adolescentes tienen la mayor incidencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria países desarrollados.
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria Estados Unidos, la incidencia anual es de aproximadamente 1/100 000.

Transmisión

• La transmisión ocurre a través de gotitas respiratorias y secreciones orales, y requiere un contacto cercano.
• Factores que aumentan el riesgo de infección:
  • Deficiencias de los LOS Neisseria componentes del complemento
  • Asplenia Asplenia Asplenia is the absence of splenic tissue or function and can stem from several factors ranging from congenital to iatrogenic. There is a distinction between anatomic asplenia, which is due to the surgical removal of the spleen, and functional asplenia, which is due to a condition that leads to splenic atrophy, infarct, congestion, or infiltrative disease. Asplenia anatómica o funcional
  • VIH positivo
  • Los LOS Neisseria microbiólogos clínicos tienen un mayor riesgo de infectarse
  • Niños expuestos al AL Amyloidosis humo de segunda mano

Patogénesis

Factores virulentos:

• Los LOS Neisseria polisacáridos capsulares son antigénicos y forman 6 serogrupos importantes, responsables de la mayoría de las enfermedades meningocócicas invasivas:
  • A, B, C, X, Y, W (antes W-135)
  • El serogrupo A causa la mayoría de las meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el África subsahariana.
  • El serogrupo B causa la mayoría de las meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis esporádicas.
• Otros factores de virulencia son similares a los LOS Neisseria de N. gonorrhoeae N. gonorrhoeae A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of gonorrhea. Neisseria.
  • Lipooligosacárido (endotoxina) proteína de la cubierta
    • Lipooligosacárido imita los LOS Neisseria glicoesfingolípidos de la membrana celular humana.
    • Puede ser sialilado → resistente a la destrucción del suero
    • El componente disacárido del lípido A (endotoxina) causa gran parte de la toxicidad.
  • Proteasa IgA IgA Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory iga is the main immunoglobulin in secretions. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions: inactiva la inmunoglobulina IgA1 y reduce las defensas del huésped
  • Puede cambiar rápidamente las formas antigénicas de lipooligosacárido, pilina y proteínas asociadas a la opacidad

Patogénesis:

• La nasofaringe es la puerta de entrada y se une a las células mucosas con la ayuda de las fimbrias.
• Los LOS Neisseria organismos llegan al AL Amyloidosis torrente sanguíneo → enfermedades meningocócicas invasivas, que tiene un curso rápido y se manifiesta como sepsis Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called septic shock. Sepsis and Septic Shock ( meningococcemia Meningococcemia Terminal Complement Pathway Deficiency) y meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis.
• Las bacterias también pueden llegar a las meninges Meninges The brain and the spinal cord are enveloped by 3 overlapping layers of connective tissue called the meninges. The layers are, from the most external layer to the most internal layer, the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Between these layers are 3 potential spaces called the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. Meninges: Anatomy desde estructuras infectadas cercanas o a través de un defecto congénito o adquirido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cráneo o la columna vertebral.
• Gran parte de la lesión neurológica es causada por la respuesta inmunitaria a la endotoxina y otros componentes bacterianos más que por la lesión tisular inducida directamente por bacterias.
  • Citocinas y quimiocinas inflamatorias → respuesta inflamatoria aguda intensa, edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema vasogénico y exudado purulento (visible en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la superficie del cerebro)
  • Edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema intersticial y citotóxico, vasculitis Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the arteries; veins; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus y trombosis → isquemia, infarto y hernia Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the abdominal wall or the respiratory diaphragm. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired. Abdominal Hernias cerebral

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