Virus de las Paperas/Paperas

Clasificación

Características Generales

Estructura

• Subfamilia Rubulavirinae Rubulavirinae Mumps Virus/Mumps
• Familia Paramyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae A family of spherical viruses, of the order mononegavirales, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include paramyxoviridae and pneumovirinae. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de ARN monocatenario, lineal y de sentido negativo
• Virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology envuelto
• La cápside helicoidal grande transporta la ARN polimerasa dependiente del ARN en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el virión.

Especies clínicamente relevantes

• La familia Paramyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae A family of spherical viruses, of the order mononegavirales, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include paramyxoviridae and pneumovirinae. Respiratory Syncytial Virus consta de 3 géneros:
  • Paramyxovirus Paramyxovirus Mumps Virus/Mumps: Incluye los LOS Neisseria virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la parainfluenza y de las paperas.
  • Pneumovirus Pneumovirus A genus of the family paramyxoviridae (subfamily pneumovirinae) where the human and bovine virions have neither hemagglutinin nor neuraminidase activity. Respiratory syncytial virus, human is the type species. Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Incluye el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology sincitial respiratorio.
  • Morbillivirus Morbillivirus A genus of the family paramyxoviridae (subfamily paramyxovirinae) where the virions of most members have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. Measles virus is the type species. Measles Virus: Incluye el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology del sarampión.
• La familia Paramyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae A family of spherical viruses, of the order mononegavirales, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include paramyxoviridae and pneumovirinae. Respiratory Syncytial Virus causa 30%–40% de todas las infecciones respiratorias agudas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum bebés y niños.
• El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de las paperas existe como un único genotipo.

Enfermedad

• Solo infecta a los LOS Neisseria humanos.
• Comienza con síntomas prodrómicos.
• Puede ser asintomática en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el 20% de los LOS Neisseria pacientes.
• La infección inicial se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tracto respiratorio superior → se extiende a las glándulas parótidas ( parotitis Parotitis Inflammation of the parotid gland. Mumps Virus/Mumps).
• La enfermedad/ viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum sistémica posterior puede propagar la infección a los LOS Neisseria siguientes órganos:
  • Testículos (orquitis)
  • Ovarios
  • Tiroides (tiroiditis)
  • Páncreas ( pancreatitis Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of chronic pancreatitis. The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are alcoholic pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis)
  • Cerebro (encefalitis/ meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis)

Epidemiología

Epidemiología

• Incidencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos: ~900 casos anuales
• Incidencia máxima: finales de invierno a principios de primavera
• Desde la aplicación de la vacuna de dos dosis contra el sarampión, las paperas y la rubéola (SPR), los LOS Neisseria casos se han reducido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum más de un 99%:
  • Antes de la vacunación generalizada, alrededor del 50% de los LOS Neisseria niños contraían paperas.
  • Las paperas siguen siendo principalmente un trastorno infantil, pero la vacunación ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia aumentado la edad media de presentación.
• Prevalencia basada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum género:
  • Los LOS Neisseria hombres y las mujeres desarrollan la parotitis Parotitis Inflammation of the parotid gland. Mumps Virus/Mumps aproximadamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la misma proporción.
  • Los LOS Neisseria hombres son mucho más propensos a desarrollar meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis que las mujeres (3:1).

Transmisión

• Los LOS Neisseria humanos son el único reservorio.
• Las paperas son una infección altamente contagiosa que se transmite a través de:
  • Gotitas respiratorias
  • Contacto de persona a persona
  • Fómites contaminados
• El periodo de contagio comienza antes de la aparición de los LOS Neisseria síntomas clínicos y puede producirse una diseminación asintomática.

Patogénesis y Presentación Clínica

Fisiopatología

• El sitio principal de replicación viral es el epitelio respiratorio superior.
• Viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum primaria:
  • El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology se extiende al AL Amyloidosis tejido linfático local.
  • Puede encontrarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la saliva Saliva The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptyalin. Salivary Glands: Anatomy hasta 7 días.
  • El momento de mayor transmisibilidad se produce justo antes del desarrollo de la parotitis Parotitis Inflammation of the parotid gland. Mumps Virus/Mumps.
• Viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum secundaria:
  • Suele afectar a la glándula parótida ( parotitis Parotitis Inflammation of the parotid gland. Mumps Virus/Mumps).
  • También puede extenderse al AL Amyloidosis SNC, los LOS Neisseria testículos/epidimios, la glándula tiroides, el páncreas y los LOS Neisseria ovarios, lo que provoca la inflamación de estas estructuras.
  • Ahora se puede detectar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre, la orina y el LCR.
  • El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology se excreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum su forma infecciosa durante las 2 semanas siguientes al AL Amyloidosis inicio de la enfermedad clínica.

Presentación clínica

El periodo de incubación es de 2–3 semanas.

Tras el periodo de incubación, se producen síntomas prodrómicos durante 3–5 días, entre ellos:

• Malestar generalizado
• Fiebre baja
• Cefalea
• Falta de apetito
• Mialgias

Tras el periodo prodrómico, el paciente puede presentarse asintomático (20% de los LOS Neisseria casos) o desarrollar síntomas dependiendo del órgano afectado:

• Parotitis Parotitis Inflammation of the parotid gland. Mumps Virus/Mumps:
  • Afecta al AL Amyloidosis 40% de los LOS Neisseria casos.
  • Inflamación bilateral de las glándulas parótidas y el óstium del conducto de Stensen
  • También llamada “mejillas de ardilla”
  • Se presenta con dolor Dolor Inflammation al AL Amyloidosis masticar y tragar.
• Orquitis:
  • Afecta al AL Amyloidosis 20%–30% de los LOS Neisseria hombres pospúberes.
  • Inflamación de los LOS Neisseria testículos, generalmente unilateral
  • Se presenta con dolor Dolor Inflammation, sensibilidad, edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema, enrojecimiento y calor Calor Inflammation en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el escroto, así como fiebre y náuseas.
  • Puede provocar atrofia testicular, pero las funciones hormonales y la fertilidad suelen estar preservadas.
• Ooforitis:
  • Afecta al AL Amyloidosis 5%–10% de las mujeres pospúberes.
  • Inflamación de los LOS Neisseria ovarios
  • Suele presentarse como dolor Dolor Inflammation pélvico y rara vez afecta a la fertilidad.
• Pancreatitis Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of chronic pancreatitis. The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are alcoholic pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis
• Meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis aséptica/encefalitis

Complicaciones

• El curso clínico es más grave y las complicaciones son más probables si la infección se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la edad adulta.
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo, las paperas se asocian a una mayor tasa de abortos espontáneos.
• La orquitis y la ooforitis pueden provocar infertilidad (poco frecuente).
• Encefalitis (tasa de mortalidad del 1,5%)
• Sordera unilateral aguda (poco frecuente)

Diagnóstico

Las paperas suelen diagnosticarse por motivos clínicos y no es necesario realizar pruebas de laboratorio de confirmación.

• Un examen físico confirma la presencia de glándulas inflamadas, clásicamente la parótida.
• Como ocurre con cualquier inflamación de las glándulas salivales, los LOS Neisseria niveles de amilasa sérica serán elevados.
• Si no hay certeza sobre el diagnóstico, se puede hacer un análisis de hisopos nasofaríngeos, orina, sangre, líquido de la cavidad bucal y LCR.
  • Inhibición de la hemaglutinación (es decir, IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions)
  • RT-PCR RT-PCR A variation of the pcr technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard pcr protocols. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum tiempo real (método preferido para confirmar las paperas)
  • ELISA ELISA An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
  • Cultivo
• Si se sospecha de meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis/encefalitis, considere una punción lumbar.

Tratamiento y Prevención

Tratamiento

• Las paperas suelen tener un curso clínico autolimitante.
• El tratamiento de la infección y sus complicaciones se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cuidados de apoyo.
• Se aísla al AL Amyloidosis paciente para evitar un mayor contagio durante el periodo infeccioso.
• Pueden administrarse analgésicos y antipiréticos.
• Se dan recomendaciones generales para reducir las molestias del paciente:
  • Evite los LOS Neisseria alimentos y las bebidas cítricas.
  • Se pueden colocar compresas calientes y/o frías sobre la glándula parótida.
• Las complicaciones pueden requerir medidas adicionales:
  • Pancreatitis Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of chronic pancreatitis. The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are alcoholic pancreatitis and gallstone pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis con vómitos excesivos → líquidos intravenosos
  • Orquitis → reposo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cama y compresas de hielo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el escroto

Prevención

• Vacuna triple viral SPR:
  • Los LOS Neisseria niños deben recibir 2 dosis de la vacuna triple viral.
  • La primera dosis se administra a los LOS Neisseria 12–15 meses de edad.
  • La segunda dosis se administra a los LOS Neisseria 4–6 años de edad.
  • Se puede administrar a todas las edades.
• Vacuna SPRV (sarampión, paperas, rubeola Rubeola Measles (also known as rubeola) is caused by a single-stranded, linear, negative-sense RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is highly contagious and spreads by respiratory droplets or direct-contact transmission from an infected person. Typically a disease of childhood, measles classically starts with cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a maculopapular rash. Measles Virus y varicela):
  • Aprobada solo para niños de 12 meses a 12 años de edad.
  • La primera dosis se administra a los LOS Neisseria 12–15 meses de edad.
  • La segunda dosis se administra a los LOS Neisseria 4–6 años de edad.

Diagnóstico Diferencial

• Encefalitis/ meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis: Infección del tejido cerebral y del revestimiento que rodea al AL Amyloidosis cerebro, respectivamente. La encefalitis y la meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes of the brain, and spinal cord. The causes of meningitis are varied, with the most common being bacterial or viral infection. The classic presentation of meningitis is a triad of fever, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. Meningitis pueden ser de origen bacteriano o viral. Los LOS Neisseria casos leves pueden no causar síntomas o dar lugar a síntomas leves similares a los LOS Neisseria de la gripe. Los LOS Neisseria casos graves pueden poner en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum peligro la vida. Se necesita atención médica inmediata para síntomas como confusión, alucinaciones, convulsiones y pérdida de sensibilidad. El manejo se realiza mediante cuidados de apoyo y también requiere encontrar y tratar la causa subyacente.
• Mastoiditis Mastoiditis Inflammation of the honeycomb-like mastoid bone in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of otitis media. Mumps Virus/Mumps: Una infección en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hueso mastoides con la formación de quistes llenos de pus que se inician generalmente a partir de una infección del oído medio. Los LOS Neisseria síntomas incluyen enrojecimiento, hinchazón y sensibilidad alrededor del hueso, así como fiebre, dolor Dolor Inflammation de oído y secreción. El tratamiento es con antibióticos y puede ser necesaria la cirugía en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria casos graves.
• Epididimitis y orquitis: Inflamación aguda del epidídimo y los LOS Neisseria testículos debido a infecciones virales o bacterianas. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes presentan dolor Dolor Inflammation testicular e hinchazón escrotal. El diagnóstico se basa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hallazgos clínicos y el análisis de orina con cultivo. El manejo es con antibióticos empíricos de cobertura gram-negativa y terapia dirigida al AL Amyloidosis cultivo.
• Sialolitiasis: Enfermedad en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la que los LOS Neisseria cálculos de las glándulas salivales se infectan y provocan inflamación y dolor Dolor Inflammation. Los LOS Neisseria pacientes presentan dolor Dolor Inflammation en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las glándulas parótidas, submandibulares, sublinguales o salivales menores. El manejo es con antibióticos y antiinflamatorios, esperando una expresión espontánea del cálculo.