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Virus de la Hepatitis A

El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. HAV causes an acute, highly contagious hepatitis with unspecific prodromal symptoms such as fever and malaise followed by jaundice and elevated liver transaminases. Hepatitis A Virus ( HAV HAV The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is found in high concentrations in the stool of acutely infected individuals. The 2 main routes of infection are consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A Virus, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) es un virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology no envuelto de la familia Picornaviridae Picornaviridae A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are nine genera: aphthovirus; cardiovirus; enterovirus; erbovirus; hepatovirus; kobuvirus; parechovirus; rhinovirus; and teschovirus. Coxsackievirus con ARN monocatenario. El virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology se replica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado, se excreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la bilis y se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum altas concentraciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces de los LOS Neisseria individuos infectados agudamente. Las 2 principales vías de infección son el consumo de agua o alimentos contaminados y el contacto directo con una persona infectada. El HAV HAV The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is found in high concentrations in the stool of acutely infected individuals. The 2 main routes of infection are consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A Virus causa una hepatitis aguda, altamente contagiosa, con síntomas prodrómicos inespecíficos como fiebre y malestar, seguidos de ictericia y elevación de las transaminasas hepáticas. La mayoría de los LOS Neisseria individuos se recuperan completamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum unos pocos meses, y la inmunidad resultante por la infección por HAV HAV The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is found in high concentrations in the stool of acutely infected individuals. The 2 main routes of infection are consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A Virus es de por vida. A diferencia de la hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, which belongs to the Orthohepadnavirus genus and the Hepadnaviridae family. Most individuals with acute HBV infection are asymptomatic or have mild, self-limiting symptoms. Chronic infection can be asymptomatic or create hepatic inflammation, leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B Virus y C, la infección por HAV HAV The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is found in high concentrations in the stool of acutely infected individuals. The 2 main routes of infection are consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A Virus no produce una infección crónica ni a una enfermedad hepática crónica. La vacunación preventiva contra el HAV HAV The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is found in high concentrations in the stool of acutely infected individuals. The 2 main routes of infection are consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A Virus está disponible y se recomienda para las personas con mayor riesgo de exposición y, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum algunos países como Estados Unidos, para todos los LOS Neisseria niños > 12 meses de edad.

Last updated: Dec 15, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Clasificación

Diagrama de flujo de la clasificación de los virus de ARN

Identificación del virus de ARN:
Los virus se pueden clasificar de muchas formas. La mayoría de los virus, sin embargo, tendrán un genoma formado por ADN o ARN. Los virus del genoma de ARN pueden caracterizarse además por ARN monocatenario o bicatenario. Los virus “envueltos” están cubiertos por una fina capa de membrana celular (generalmente extraída de la célula huésped). Si la envoltura está ausente, los virus se denominan virus “desnudos”. Los virus con genomas monocatenarios son virus de “sentido positivo” si el genoma se emplea directamente como ARN mensajero (ARNm), que se traduce en proteínas. Los virus monocatenarios de “sentido negativo” emplean la ARN polimerasa dependiente de ARN, una enzima viral, para transcribir su genoma en ARN mensajero.

Imagen por Lecturio. Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Características Generales

Estructura

  • Familia: Picornaviridae Picornaviridae A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are nine genera: aphthovirus; cardiovirus; enterovirus; erbovirus; hepatovirus; kobuvirus; parechovirus; rhinovirus; and teschovirus. Coxsackievirus; género: Hepatovirus
  • Enterovirus Enterovirus A genus of the family picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated ‘human enterovirus’. Coxsackievirus icosaédrico no envuelto con ARN lineal monocatenario de sentido positivo
  • Pequeño (aproximadamente 27 nm de diámetro)
  • El genoma funciona como ARNm
  • Hepatotrópico: tiene alta afinidad por el hígado
  • Se han descrito 1 serotipo y 7 genotipos diferentes.
  • Los LOS Neisseria genotipos humanos están numerados del I–III, con 6 subtipos (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB)

Características básicas

  • Resistente al AL Amyloidosis ácido (puede sobrevivir en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tracto gastrointestinal y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las aguas residuales), al AL Amyloidosis éter, a la desecación y a temperaturas tan altas como 56°C y tan bajas como -20°C
  • Reservorio: humanos
  • Se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces y la sangre de los LOS Neisseria individuos infectados de forma aguda
  • Puede ser viable durante años
  • El agua hervida, el cloro y el yodo son medios efectivos para destruir el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology de la hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. HAV causes an acute, highly contagious hepatitis with unspecific prodromal symptoms such as fever and malaise followed by jaundice and elevated liver transaminases. Hepatitis A Virus.

Epidemiología

  • A nivel mundial:
    • Incidencia: alrededor de 1,4 millones al AL Amyloidosis año
    • Alrededor de 7 100 muertes (2016) → representa solo el 0,5% de las muertes por hepatitis viral
  • Incidencia en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos:
    • Disminuyó de 6 casos a 0,4 casos por cada 100 000 entre 1999 y 2014, principalmente por la actualización de la recomendación de vacunación para todos los LOS Neisseria niños
    • Aumento de la incidencia desde 2016, principalmente por los LOS Neisseria grandes brotes de persona a persona
  • Mayor prevalencia: África, Asia ASIA Spinal Cord Injuries del Sur
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum zonas de alta endemicidad: el 90% de los LOS Neisseria niños se infectarán antes de los LOS Neisseria 10 años
Prevalencia de la hepatitis A

Mapa mundial de la distribución del virus de la hepatitis A

Imagen por Lecturio. Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Patogénesis

Transmisión

  • Fecal-oral:
    • Vía de transmisión más común
    • Contacto entre personas
    • Agua o alimentos contaminados (especialmente mariscos crudos, verduras)
  • Otros:
    • Hemoderivados contaminados
    • Inyección de drogas (ilícitas)
  • Diseminación viral:
    • El HAV HAV The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is found in high concentrations in the stool of acutely infected individuals. The 2 main routes of infection are consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A Virus se replica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado → se excreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces
    • Altas concentraciones: de 2–3 semanas antes a 1 semana después del inicio de los LOS Neisseria síntomas

Factores de riesgo

  • Institucionalización (e.g., en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum residencias de ancianos, hospitales)
  • Ocupaciones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum guarderías, atención sanitaria
  • Viajes internacionales
  • Edad > 50 años
  • Enfermedad hepática subyacente (especialmente hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection can be transmitted through infectious blood or body fluids and may be transmitted during childbirth or through IV drug use or sexual intercourse. Hepatitis C virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging from a mild to a serious, lifelong illness including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis C Virus crónica)
  • Receptores de transfusiones de sangre
  • Personas que se inyectan drogas
  • Hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres
  • Condición de desamparo
  • Embarazo

Fisiopatología

  • Replicación primaria:
    • Ingestión de alimentos contaminados/transmisión fecal-oral → se replica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orofaringe/intestinos → torrente sanguíneo = primera viremia Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood. Erythema Infectiosum
    • Llega al AL Amyloidosis hígado por su tropismo tisular (hepatotrópico)
    • Los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos captan el virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology mediante un receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana plasmática
    • La replicación se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos y las células de Kupffer (macrófagos hepáticos)
      • Entrada a la célula → ARN viral sin recubrimiento; los LOS Neisseria ribosomas del huésped se unen para formar polisomas
      • Las proteínas virales se sintetizan y el genoma viral es copiado por una ARN polimerasa viral.
    • Partículas virales desprendidas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el árbol biliar → excretadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces
    • No hay citotoxicidad viral aparente; la lesión hepática está relacionada con la inmunidad:
      • Respuesta inmunológica a la infección
      • Acompañada de infiltración linfocítica portal y periportal → grados variables de necrosis Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. Ischemic Cell Damage
  • Periodo de incubación: 2–6 semanas antes de los LOS Neisseria síntomas o de los LOS Neisseria anticuerpos IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions anti-HAV
  • Periodo infeccioso: de 2 semanas antes a 1 semana después del inicio de la enfermedad

Presentación Clínica

Características generales

  • Hepatitis viral aguda
  • Generalmente autolimitante, sin cronificación
  • Inmunidad de por vida tras la infección
  • Enfermedad sintomática: > 70% de los LOS Neisseria adultos infectados
  • Subgrupos específicos:
    • Niños: asintomáticos o con síntomas muy leves
    • Mujeres embarazadas: mayor riesgo de parto pretérmino y otras complicaciones
  • Insuficiencia hepática aguda: < 1% de los LOS Neisseria casos
  • Recuperación:
    • El 85% de los LOS Neisseria individuos infectados se recuperan después de 2–3 meses.
    • Hepatitis recidivante hasta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un 10% de los LOS Neisseria casos (generalmente solo durante los LOS Neisseria 6 meses posteriores a la infección)

Síntomas específicos

La presencia de 1 de los LOS Neisseria siguientes síntomas es una razón para sospechar una infección por hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. HAV causes an acute, highly contagious hepatitis with unspecific prodromal symptoms such as fever and malaise followed by jaundice and elevated liver transaminases. Hepatitis A Virus, especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum presencia de factores de riesgo:

  • Síntomas tempranos:
    • Náuseas
    • Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa
    • Dolor Dolor Inflammation abdominal
    • Fiebre
    • Hepatomegalia
  • Síntomas tardíos (aparecen después de días a semanas):
    • Ictericia
    • Heces pálidas
    • Orina oscura
  • Síntomas raros:

Diagnóstico y Tratamiento

Diagnóstico

  • Diagnóstico de infección aguda:
    • Anticuerpos IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions anti-HAV en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum suero (detectables a partir de 1–2 semanas después de la infección; permanecen elevados hasta por 6 meses) O
    • O reacción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cadena de la polimerasa ( PCR PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that amplifies DNA fragments exponentially for analysis. The process is highly specific, allowing for the targeting of specific genomic sequences, even with minuscule sample amounts. The PCR cycles multiple times through 3 phases: denaturation of the template DNA, annealing of a specific primer to the individual DNA strands, and synthesis/elongation of new DNA molecules. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) positiva para el ARN del HAV HAV The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a nonenveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family with single-stranded RNA. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in the bile, and is found in high concentrations in the stool of acutely infected individuals. The 2 main routes of infection are consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A Virus
    • Apoyo al AL Amyloidosis diagnóstico: ↑ transaminasas séricas
  • IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis anti-HAV sin IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). Igm can fix complement. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin. Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions anti-HAV: evidencia de infección pasada o vacunación
Tabla de anticuerpos contra el HAV

Marcadores de hepatitis A:
gráfico que muestra la evolución típica de los parámetros de laboratorio más importantes con respecto al tiempo después de la infección
ALT: alanina transaminasa
HAV: virus de la hepatitis A (por sus siglas en inglés)
Ig: inmunoglobulina

Imagen por Lecturio. Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Tratamiento

  • El tratamiento es de soporte, ya que la infección es autolimitante.
  • Utilizar con precaución los LOS Neisseria medicamentos que puedan causar daño hepático.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos de insuficiencia hepática fulminante: considerar el trasplante hepático.

Prevención

  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos (según el Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)):
    • Vacunación de rutina para todos los LOS Neisseria niños > 12 meses
    • Personas con mayor riesgo
  • Internacional (según la World Health Organization (WHO)):
    • La recomendación de vacunación depende de la endemicidad local de un país
    • Endemicidad intermedia: mayor beneficio de la vacunación de los LOS Neisseria niños
    • Baja endemicidad: beneficio de la vacunación de adultos de alto riesgo
    • Alta endemicidad: beneficio limitado de la vacunación → alta tasa de inmunidad natural
  • Higiene: saneamiento (tratamiento con cloro) del agua y las aguas residuales, lavado de manos regular Regular Insulin
  • Evitar los LOS Neisseria alimentos posiblemente contaminados, como los LOS Neisseria mariscos y las verduras sin cocinar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las regiones con alta endemicidad

Comparación de los Virus de la Hepatitis

Hepatitis A–E in comparison

Anti-HBc: anticuerpos del núcleo de la hepatitis B (por sus siglas en inglés)
Anti-HBs: anticuerpos de superficie contra la hepatitis B (por sus siglas en inglés)
HBcAg: antígeno del núcleo de la hepatitis B (por sus siglas en inglés)
HBsAg: antígeno de superficie de la hepatitis B (por sus siglas en inglés)
HBV: virus de la hepatitis B (por sus siglas en inglés)
HCC: carcinoma hepatocelular (por sus siglas en inglés)
HCV: virus de la hepatitis C (por sus siglas en inglés)
HDV: virus de la hepatitis D (por sus siglas en inglés)

Imagen por Lecturio. Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

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Diagnóstico Diferencial

  • Enfermedad hepática alcohólica: patología hepática que se produce debido a un consumo excesivo y prolongado de alcohol. El 1er estadio es el hígado graso asintomático, que es reversible. El 2do estadio es la hepatitis alcohólica, que suele presentarse con ictericia, fiebre y dolor Dolor Inflammation en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuadrante superior derecho. La cirrosis hepática se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el 3er estadio. El diagnóstico se establece mediante los LOS Neisseria antecedentes, las pruebas de función hepática y la imagenología.
  • Lesión hepática inducida por medicamentos: se produce cuando los LOS Neisseria medicamentos (e.g., prescritos, a base de hierbas, ilícitos)ingeridos causan lesiones en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos directamente de forma predecible y dependiente de la dosis o a través de reacciones idiosincrásicas. La presentación de la lesión hepática inducida por medicamentos puede ser aguda o crónica, con una toxicidad grave que se manifiesta como una insuficiencia hepática fulminante. El diagnóstico de la lesión hepática inducida por medicamentos requiere una anamnesis completa y pruebas de laboratorio. El tratamiento consiste en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el diagnóstico precoz y la interrupción del medicamento, así como la terapia de soporte.
  • Hepatitis autoinmune: inflamación del hígado que se produce cuando el sistema inmunitario del organismo ataca a sus propias células hepáticas. La presentación clínica va VA Ventilation: Mechanics of Breathing desde asintomática hasta síntomas de insuficiencia hepática aguda. El diagnóstico se establece mediante un análisis de sangre para detectar los LOS Neisseria autoanticuerpos característicos (especialmente, los LOS Neisseria anticuerpos contra el músculo liso) y una biopsia de hígado. El tratamiento incluye corticosteroides y azatioprina.
  • Enfermedad de Wilson: trastorno autosómico recesivo por una mutación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el gen ATP7B, que regula el transporte de cobre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos. Las manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas de la enfermedad de Wilson ayudan a diferenciarla de otras causas de hepatitis. En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum estadios iniciales, la enfermedad de Wilson puede confundirse con la encefalopatía hepática. Los LOS Neisseria anillos de Kayser-Fleischer, los LOS Neisseria niveles bajos de ceruloplasmina ayudan a separar la enfermedad de Wilson de otras causas de hepatitis.
  • Enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico: espectro de patología hepática que surge debido a la acumulación de triglicéridos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria hepatocitos. La enfermedad abarca desde el hígado graso/esteatosis hepática hasta la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, que presenta depósitos grasos e inflamación. La lesión hepática progresiva y la fibrosis Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. Bronchiolitis Obliterans se convierten irreversiblemente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cirrosis y, posiblemente, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cáncer primario de hígado. El tratamiento se realiza mediante modificaciones del estilo de vida (dieta y ejercicio).

Referencias

  1. Linder KA, Malani PN. (2017). Hepatitis A. JAMA 318:2393. 
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2009). Hepatitis A vaccination coverage among children aged 24-35 months—United States, 2006 and 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58:689–694. 
  3. Gilroy R. (2019). Hepatitis A. Emedicine. Retrieved January 27th, 2021 from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-overview#a5
  4. Chopra S, Lai M. (2020). Hepatitis A virus infection: treatment and prevention. UpToDate. Retrieved January 27, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-a-virus-infection-treatment-and-prevention
  5. Quiros-Tejeria R. (2020). Overview of hepatitis A virus infection in children. UpToDate. Retrieved January 27, 2021, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hepatitis-a-virus-infection-in-children
  6. Matheny SC, Kingery JE. (2012). Hepatitis A. American Family Physician 86:1027–1012.
  7. World Health Organization (WHO). Fact sheet on hepatitis A. Retrieved July 16, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a 
  8. Abad FX, Pinto RM, Bosch A. (1994). Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3704–3710.

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